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AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL DESIGNED TO EXPEDITE PUBLICATION OF RESEARCH ON TAXONOMY & NOMENCLATURE OF FUNGI & LICHENS
~ WYCOTAXON
Volume L January-March 1994
CONTENTS
Contribution to our knowledge of the Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycotina) of the Basque
MOIIREN ee ge a aig iwi Where ata a se sckeieo arelia ei I, Salcedo Larralde 1 Contribution to the lichen flora of Transkei........... C. M. Thomas and R. B. Bhat 9 Battarreoides diguetti (Gasteromycetes, Tulostomatales) in Southern Africa.
J. C. Coetzee and A. Eicker 19 Type studies in the Polyporaceae 25. Species described from Japan by R. Imazeki and A. Yasuda. Tsutomu Hattori and Leif Ryvarden 27
The species of the genus Rinodina (Lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae) containing
Pannarin in Eurasia with a special note on the taxonomy of Rinodina granulans.
Mireia Giralt, Helmut Mayrhofer and Walter Obermayer 47 Systematic and biological studies in the Balansieae and related anamorphs. VIII. TheEphelis anamorph of Balansia epichloe. Ryan A. Phelps and Gareth Morgan-Jones_ 61 A new species of Ascotricha with non-ostiolate ascomata. Shun-ichi Udagawa, Shigeru Uchiyama and Seigo Kamiya 73 Talaromyces spectabilis, a new species of food-borne ascomycetes. Shun-ichi Udagawa and Shoji Suzuki 81 Notes on the genus Monoicomyces (Laboulbeniales, Ascomycotina): On the species
Meee IDCO Yr ODGRAZZIM ye ee eo Ba eg, Sergio Santamaria 89 Observations on Pseudotracylla species.......... 0... ce ee L. M. Carris 93 Acaulospora excavata sp. nov. - an endomycorrhizal fungus from Céte d'Ivoire.
K. Ingleby, C. Walker and P. A. Mason 99 Studies on keratinophilic fungi. Il. Chrysosporium pilosum sp. nov. J. Gené, J. Guarro, K. Ulfig, P. Vidal and J. Cano 107 A new species of Delitschia from West Africa. Fernando Pelaez, Jon D. Polishook, Marti Valldosera and Josep Guarro 115 A new species of Maravalia from India... .G. Bagyanarayana and E. John Ravinder 123 A new species of Uromyces on Ocimum from India G. Bagyanarayana and E. John Ravinder 127 Amanita westii - taxonomy and distribution. A rare species from states bordering
the Gulf of Mexico. .............. Rodham E. Tulloss and David P. Lewis 131 Orpinomyces intercalaris, anew species of polycentric anaerobic rumen fungus from cattle.
Y. W. Ho, N. Abdullah and S. Jalaludin 139 The original collections of Arturo Nannizzi (1877-1961) in the Herbarium Universitatis
DeMensis (HIE NAY re ee A. Chiarucci and M. G. Mariotti 151 Lambertellinia scutuloides (Sclerotiniaceae), a new genus and species for a discomycete
previously confused with Hymenoscyphus caudatus.
Richard P. Korf and Pavel Lizon 167
[Contents continued overleaf] ISSN 0093-4666 MY XNAB 50s 1-516° (1994) Published quarterly by MYCOTAXON, LTD., P. O. Box 264, Ithaca, Ny 14851.
For subscription details, availability in microfilm and microfiche, and availability of articles as tear sheets, see back cover.
[Contents continued from front cover]
Agaricales of Baja California - Mexico. M. Candusso, A. Gennari and N. Ayala 175 Phaulomyces simplocariae sp. nov. (Ascomycetes, Laboulbeniales) from Simplocaria semistriazd (Coteoiera, Pytrinidges 24 fs i's Be ek oe eR ee A. De Kesel 191 Stomiopeltis glochidiicola sp.nov..............+.+-. Alaka Pande and V. G. Rao 199 Additional new species and new reports of Pertusaria (Lichenised Ascomycotina) from New Zealand with a revised key to the corticolous species in New Zealand. Alan W. Archer and John A. Elix 203 Alternaria themes and variations (74-105) .................. Emory G. Simmons 219 Agaricus pseudoargentinus n. sp. from Argentina. Edgardo Albert6 and Jorge E. Wright 271 Three new Southamerican species of Bovista (Gasteromycetes). V. L. Suarez and J. E. Wright 279 Four new species in the lichen genus Parmelia (Ascomycotina, Lecanorales) from Southern Africa, with notes on Southern African lichens.............. Franklin A. Brusse 291 Furia shandongensis (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales), a new pathogen of earwigs. Weiman Wang, Wenhua Lu and Zengzhi Li 301 Two new pathogens of dipteran insects ............. Meizhen Fan and Zengzhi Li 309 A new Cortinarius from a mature aspen stand in Montana. Cathy Cripps and Orson K. Miller, Jr. 315 The lichen flora of Rock Canyon, Utah County, Utah. Ted O. Ririe, Larry L. St. Clair and Clayton C. Newberry 323 Validation of the name Microbotryum vinosum (Ustilaginales)...Cvetomir M. Denchey 331 New species of Gymnopilus (Agaricales, Cortinariaceae) from Mexico. Laura Guzman-Davalos 333 Discosia’ eucalypiicola. wan -sponOw ose 8 se a ee T. R. Nag Raj 349 Tricholosporum in Mexico and description of a new species. Gaston Guzman, Victor M. Bandala and Leticia Montoya 355 Studies in the genus Pleurotus. Ill. The varieties of P. ostreatus -complex based on interbreeding strains and the study of basidiomata obtained in culture. Gast6n Guzman, Leticia Montoya, Gerardo Mata and Dulce Salmones 365 Omphalina sensu lato in North America. 1-2. 1.O0mphalina wynniae and the genus Chrysomphalina. 2.Omphalina sensu Bigelow. Lorelei L. Norvell, Scott A. Redhead, Joseph F. Ammirati 379 Alternaria themes and variations (106-111) ................. Emory G. Simmons 409 Menispora convoluta, a new dematiaceous hyphomycete from Central Italy. Dario Lunghini 429 Redisposals and redescriptions in the Monochaetia-Seiridium, Pestaltia-Pestalotiopsis complexes. X. Pestalotia granati and Pestalozzina punicae T. R. Nag Raj and V. Mel'Nik 435 Cylindrocladium naviculatum sp. nov. and two new vesiculate hyphomycete genera, Falcocladium and Vesicladiella. P. W. Crous, M. J. Wingfield, A. C. Alfenas and S. F. Silveira 441 Wentiomyces lichenicola subsp. nov.bouteillei champignon lichénicole non lichénisé (Dothideales, Dimeriaceae). Claude Roux, Olivier Bricaud, Emmanuél Sérusiaux et Clother Coste 459
Miscellaneous notes on Mucoraceae........... M.A.A.Schipper and R.A.Samson 475 hawrnctond ig Anthote. 5 6 Sante on alslt lot vd wiege sl eae koe ot A 2 ee ee 493 Aiitiay TINE eo eG Bits Ga cig lh ett Se oa et ERY eile Wik Ce melee ie a 499 SEES: 10 fi ae AR rail dee atin ae) ee! atte wl nice WW) Nt elle ta fieeh dy Al ens le 502 [og se Ur pelt on 2 Ae ean ds 4 AU Ye Meg” ee Ce Nee MENDON a PIES $15 Publication Date; MY COTAAON Volume 49. 206.0025 os oo Oe eo ee eee 515
Rees Oe ea ee ie Re as Ge seta Uh aoe oe eRe Le gone ee er 516
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Table of Contents, Volume Fifty January-March 1994
Contribution to our knowledge of the Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycotina) of the Basque Countrysa lle 3 oe tee Me Eee Pee ee I. Salcedo Larralde 1 Contribution to the lichen flora of Transkei. ....C. M. Thomas and R. B. Bhat 9 Battarreoides diguetti (Gasteromycetes, Tulostomatales) in Southern Africa. J. C. Coetzee and A. Eicker 19 Type studies in the Polyporaceae 25. Species described from Japan by R. Imazeki aNd ACRY ASNdae qs cmeah ae ton pode Tsutomu Hattori and Leif Ryvarden 27 The species of the genus Rinodina (Lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae) containing Pannarin in Eurasia with a special note on the taxonomy of Rinodina granulans. Mireia Giralt, Helmut Mayrhofer and Walter Obermayer 47 Systematic and biological studies in the Balansieae and related anamorphs. VIII. TheEphelis anamorph of Balansia epichloe. Ryan A. Phelps and Gareth Morgan-Jones_ 61 A new species of Ascotricha with non-ostiolate ascomata. Shun-ichi Udagawa, Shigeru Uchiyama and Seigo Kamiya 73 Talaromyces spectabilis, a new species of food-borne ascomycetes. Shun-ichi Udagawa and Shoji Suzuki 81 Notes on the genus Monoicomyces (Laboulbeniales, Ascomycotina): On the species cdlescnbediby SDePaZZiNi wie ek ea eet © eee Sergio Santamaria 89 Observations on PS€udoIacylla ispecies \ rast tar Gowint ona) ales L. M. Carris 93 Acaulospora excavata sp. nov. - an endomycorrhizal fungus from Céte d'Ivoire. K. Ingleby, C. Walker and P. A. Mason 99 Studies on keratinophilic fungi. Il. Chrysosporium pilosum sp. nov. Gené, J. Guarro, K. Ulfig, P. Vidal and J. Cano 107 A new species of Delitschia from West Africa. Fernando Pelaez, Jon D. Polishook, Marti Valldosera and Josep Guarro 115 A new species of Maravalia from India. G. Bagyanarayana and E. John Ravinder 123 A new species of Uromyces on Ocimum from India : G. Bagyanarayana and E. John Ravinder 127 Amanita westii - taxonomy and distribution. A rare species from states bordering the<Gulf'ok MEXICO 3.005... Rodham E. Tulloss and David P. Lewis 131 Orpinomyces intercalaris, a new species of polycentric anaerobic rumen FONGUS OM Callens ca. oar, ner Y. W. Ho, N. Abdullah and S. Jalaludin 139 The original collections of Arturo Nannizzi (1877-1961) in the Herbarium Universitatis SETCUSIS COLEINA) b ecw Ret tect eo vei A. Chiarucci and M. G. Mariotti 151 Lambertellinia scutuloides (Sclerotiniaceae), a new genus and species for a discomycete previously confused with Hymenoscyphus caudatus. Richard P. Korf and Pavel Lizon 167 Agaricales of Baja California - Mexico. M. Candusso, A. Gennari and N. Ayala 175 Phaulomyces simplocariae sp. nov. (Ascomycetes, Laboulbeniales) from Simplocaria somusmiaia (Coleoptera, Byrrhidae) jcc 2. eles elena ees 3+ A. De Kesel 191 Stomiopeltis glochidiicola sp. nov............ Alaka Pande and V. G. Rao 199 Additional new species and new reports of Pertusaria (Lichenised Ascomycotina) from New Zealand with a revised key to the corticolous species in New Zealand. Alan W. Archer and John A. Elix 203 Alternaria themes and variations (74-105)............. Emory G. Simmons 219 Agaricus pseudoargentinus n. sp. from Argentina. Edgardo Alberto and Jorge E. Wright 271 Three new Southamerican species of Bovista (Gasteromycetes). V. L. Suarez and J. E. Wright 279
iv
Four new species in the lichen genus Parmelia (Ascomycotina, Lecanorales) from Southern Africa, with notes on Southern African lichens. Franklin A. Brusse Furia shandongensis (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales), a new pathogen of earwigs. Weiman Wang, Wenhua Lu and Zengzhi Li Two new pathogens of dipteran insects........ Meizhen Fan and Zengzhi Li A new Cortinarius from a mature aspen stand in Montana. Cathy Cripps and Orson K. Miller, Jr. The lichen flora of Rock Canyon, Utah County, Utah. Ted O. Ririe, Larry L. St. Clair and Clayton C. Newberry Validation of the name Microbotryum vinosum (Ustilaginales). Cvetomir M. Denchev New species of Gymnopilus (Agaricales, Cortinariaceae) from Mexico. Laura Guzman-Davalos Discosia. €ucalypticola "anain-spyNoviniee see cnee eee es T. R. Nag Raj Tricholosporum in Mexico and description of a new species. Gaston Guzman, Victor M. Bandala and Leticia Montoya Studies in the genus Pleurotus. Ill. The varieties of P. ostreatus -complex based on interbreeding strains and the study of basidiomata obtained in culture. Gaston Guzman, Leticia Montoya, Gerardo Mata and Dulce Salmones Omphalina sensu lato in North America. 1-2. 1.Omphalina wynniae and the genus Chrysomphalina. 2.Omphalina sensu Bigelow. Lorelei L. Norvell, Scott A. Redhead, Joseph F. Ammirati Alternaria themes and variations (106-111)............ Emory G. Simmons Menispora convoluta, a new dematiaceous hyphomycete from Central Italy. , Dario Lunghini Redisposals and redescriptions in the Monochaetia-Seiridium, Pestaltia-Pestalotiopsis complexes. X. Pestalotia granati and Pestalozzina punicae T. R. Nag Raj and V. Mel'Nik Cylindrocladium naviculatum sp. nov. and two new vesiculate hyphomycete genera, Falcocladium and Vesicladiella. P. W. Crous, M. J. Wingfield, A. C. Alfenas and S. F. Silveira Wentiomyces lichenicola subsp. nov.bouteillei champignon lichénicole non lichénisé (Dothideales, Dimeriaceae). Claude Roux, Olivier Bricaud, Emmanuél Sérusiaux et Clother Coste Miscellaneous notes on Mucoraceae...... M.A.A.Schipper and R.A.Samson Instructions tov Aithors.i® Peete ee oe Sas sca eel lee gar ec sti ere acme Author INDEX). 2952 Sree Nasr ee MA are ae Ha J 1 va eee INDEX+to Tungous taxdy are eer he reas Nitta porteetaeke «5 2 es NGRa ete ee ee Errataicys 20s et EO Sel aes MEET UR SEEN S 4, (ig bY a SWE ee Publication Date,’MYCOPAXON#*Volume 49 25. 03 oka ei REVICWETS ... 5.551 Re ee OMT le Oth ety tg ae gh RUMORS TL eee Let aed UA Re Rtn ane ne
MY COTAXON
Volume L, pp. 1-7 January-March 1994
CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE APHYLLOPHORALES (BASIDIOMYCOTINA) OF THE BASQUE
COUNTRY.|II”
|. SALCEDO _LARRALDE
Lab. Botanica. Dpto. Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad del Pais Vasco/EHU. Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao. Spain.
Summary
Four species until the present unknown in the Iberian mycological flora are mentioned and described, namely: Acanthobasidium phragmitis Boidin & al., Auriporia aurulenta A.David & al., Flaviporus brownei (Humb.) Donk and Sarcodontia crocea (Schwein.:Fr.) Kotl.
Resdmen
Se citan y comentan 4 especies no conocidas hasta ahora para la flora micolégica ibérica, a saber: Acanthobasidium phragmitis Boidin & al., Auriporia aurulenta A.David & al., Flaviporus brownei (Humb.) Donk y Sarcodontia crocea (Schwein.:Fr.) Kotl.
INTRODUCTION
Following work started a few years ago, which has the final aim of cataloguing the Basque Country's Aphyllophorales, different phases corresponding to the sampling of concrete areas have been covered (cf. Salcedo Larralde, 1989; Salcedo & Telleria, 1992). During the sampling done, the above mentioned species have turned out to be interesting, whose appearance might have been favoured by the climatology of 1992.
The samples studied are in the Herbarium of the University of the Basque Country (BIO), or in V. Martinez's private Herbarium (VM).
* Work supported by the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) project n° 118.310-E191/91
2
Acanthobasidium phragmitis Boidin & al. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 101(4):345. (1985)
VIZCAYA: Lejona, barrio deTelleria, 30TWP0098, 50 m, on Arundo donax, 12-XI-1992, |. Salcedo, 6275IS, BlO-Fungi 4693; idem, 6278IS, BlO-Fungi 4692.
In 1985 Boidin & al. described this species, that forms little menbranous and whitish patches, on stems of two genera of the Poaceae family. The specimens studied have also been collected in this same family and relatively near from the described area.
The microscopic characters are very gaudy, having pleuroacanthobasidioles with numerous apical protuberances (figs. 1A,3A), also gloeocystidia with a round jutting apex and which are sometimes rather moniliformic (figs. 1C,3B), about 20-24 x 8-10 um. Basidia have four sterigmata and with many visible protuberances on the lower middle part, which differentiates it from A. norvegicum (J.Eriksson & Ryvarden) Boidin & al., since its basidia have two sterigmata and very few protuberances (l.c.).
The basidiospores, that shrivel up and easily become deformed, are ellipsoid, very ornamented, and with long spines, easily seen in Melze's reagent, as they are strongly amyloid, and about 11-13 x 6.5-8 wm (figs. 1D,3C,3D).
Auriporia aurulenta A.David & al. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 90(4):359-370 (1974)
ALAVA: Valdegovia, Nograro, 30TVN9040, 950 m, on Pinus sylvestris, 30-V-1992, J.L.Garcia, L.Manso, V.Martinez, X. Olano & |. Salcedo, 7561VM; idem, 5629IS, BlO-Fungi 4690.
GUIPUZCOA: Aya, Laurgain, 30TWN6787, 450 m, on Pseudotsuga menziesii, 21-X|-1992, J.L. Albizu, J. Huarte, X. Laskibar, J.M. Lekuona & |. Salcedo, 6336IS, BlO-Fungi 4696.
This species is easily recognized in the field by its basidiocarp resupinate with hymenophore poroid, deep yellow-orange in colour, but turning ochre with age.
Its microscopy is distinguished by its monomitic hyphal system, hyphae with clamps, its cystidia stalks and ventricose, more or less fusiform, thick-walled, and about 20-35 x 8-12 um, with grainy crystals on top (figs. 2A,3F) and by the presence of hyaline and lageniformic leptocystidia, 60-70 x 5-10 um (figs. 2B,3F). The basidiospores are ellipsoid and, in the specimens studied, about 4.5-6 x 2-3 ym (figs. CC Slssa)s
10 um ——— et
Fig. 1.- Acanthobasidium phragmitis, BlO-Fungi 4693. A. pleuroacantho- basidioles. B. basidium. C. gloeocystidium. D. spores.
A 10 pm B
Fig. 2.- Auriporia aurulenta, BlO-Fungi 4690. A. Cystidia with crystals on top. B. leptocystidium. C. basidium and spores.
4
This species is known in Europa from Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, and the one time Yugoslavia (cf. Julich 1984:335).
Flaviporus brownei (Humb.) Donk Persoonia 1: 189 (1960)
GUIPUZCOA: Oiartzun, Arizabalo, 100 m, 30TWN9295, on Pinus sp. very wet, 26-IX-1992, |. Salcedo, 5890IS, BlO-Fungi 3821. Aya, Laurgain, 30TWN6787, 450 m, on Larix sp., 21-XI-1992, J.L. Albizu, J. Huarte, X. Laskibar, J.M. Lekuona & |. Salcedo, 6374 IS, BlO-Fungi 4694. Aya, Altxerri stream, 180 m, 30TWN6888, on wood very wet, 21-XI-1992, J.L. Albizu, J. Huarte, X. Laskibar, J.M. Lekuona & |. Salcedo, 6420IS, BlO-Fungi 4695.
A species which is mainly found in tropical areas; until now it was only to be found in Europe in greenhouses and mines (cf. Ginns, 1980:1581; Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993:253). The specimens studied grow in open places (out of doors), which are always very humid. We will add that, in 1992, the species has also been found in Bayonne (France) by David & al. (pers. com.).
The sulphur-yellow colour of the basidiocarp and the hymenophore poroid with 9-10 pores per mm makes the identification of the species in the field easy.
The species is also usually easy to recognize because of the presence of numerous cilindric, long cystidia, thickly walled and strongly encrusted in the upper part, embedded in the trama or projecting slightly above it (fig. 3K); also by the ellipsoid basidiospores, about 2.5-3 x 1.6-2 ym, since both are diagnostic characters of this taxon.
Fig. 3. A-Acanthobasidium phragmitis, BlO-Fungi 4693, pleuroacantho basidiole. B-ldem, gloeocystidia. C-ldem, pleuroacanthobasidioles and spores. D-ldem, shriveled and deformed spores. E-Auriporia aurulenta, BlO-Fungi4690, hymenium with cystidia. F-ldem, hymenium with cystidia. G,H-Sarcodontia crocea, BlIO-Fungi 4691, spores and basidium. |,J-Auriporia aurulenta, BlO-Fungi 4690, spores. K-Flaviporus brownei, BlO-Fungi 4695, hymenium with cystidia. L-Sarcodontia crocea, BlO-Fungi 4691, hymenium.
6
Sarcodontia crocea (Schwein.:Fr.) Kotl. Ceska mykol. 7:117 ClYss) = S. setosa (Pers.) Donk
GUIPUZCOA: Hernialde, 250 m, 30TWN7478, on Malus sp., 25-X- 1992, J. Huarte, 62691S, BlO-Fungi 4691.
As indicated by Breitenbach & Kranzlin (1986:168) and Jilich (1984:171) this species is of a wide distribution but with a very concrete habitat as it usually grows on apple trees, especially old ones. The resupinate basidiocarp, or stratified on vertical substata, hymenophore hydnoid with 5-7 mm long aculei, are the characteristics to be emphasized, as well as the sulphur-yellow colour and intensely nasty smell. When dried it loses some of its colour and smell .
The specimens studied agree with the description given by Eriksson & al. (1981:1275); nevertheless we underline the fact that its spores are subgloboses, smooth, with somewhat thickened walls, and usually with an oil-drop, and about 4.8-5 x 4 um (figs. 3G,3H,3L).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
| would like to thank all those who have helped me compile the specimens. And A.J.LOpez-Quintana and M.T.Telleria for their help in checking the manuscript.
REFERENCES
BOIDIN, J.,_ANQUETIN,P., CANDOUSSAU,F., GILLES,G. & HUGUENEY,R. (1985). Contribution a la connaissance des Aleurodiscoideae a spores amyloides (Basidiomycotina, Corticiaceae). Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 101. (4)(333-360
BREITENBACH,J. & KRANZLIN,F. (1986). Fungi of Switzerland. Non gilled fungi (Heterobasidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales, Gastromcetes. vol. 2 Verlag Mykologia. Lucerne.
DAVID,A., TORTIC,M. & JELIC,M. (1974). Etudes comparatives de deux espéces d'Auriporia. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 90 (4):359-370.
DONK,M.A. (1960). The generic names proposed for Polyporaceae. Persoonia 1 :173-302.
ERIKSSON,J., HJORTSTAM,K. & RYVARDEN,L. (1981). The Corticiaceae of North Europe. vol. 6. Fungiflora. Oslo.
GINNS,J. (1980). The genus Flaviporus Murrill (Polyporaceae) Can. J. Bot. 58 :1578-1590.
JULICH,W. (1984). Die Nichtblatlerpilze, Gallertpilze und Bauchpilze. Gustav Fischer Verlag. Sttugart. 626pp.
7
RYVARDEN,L. & GILBERTSON,R.L. (1993). European polypores. part 1. Fungiflora. Oslo.
SALCEDO,|. (1989). Catélogo comentado de los Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycotina) del territorio historico de Alava. Tesis doctoral. Universidad del Pais Vasco/EHU.
SALCEDO,|. & TELLERIA,M.T. (1992). Contribucion al conocimiento de los Aphyllophorales del Pais Vasco. |. Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid 16 :53- 60.
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MY COTAXON
Volume L, pp. 9-18 January-March 1994
CONTRIBUTION TO THE LICHEN FLORA OF TRANSKEI
C.M. THOMAS Department of Education, Umtata, Transkei. South Africa R.B. BHAT
Department of Botany,University of Transkei ,Private Bag XI, Umtata, Transkei, South Africa
ABSTRACT
Fourteen species of lichens which have been discovered as new to Transkei, are described. The result of the recent investigations are based on the collections made from nine districts of this region. The physical selective forces limit the period of acquisition of resources needed for the growth. Frequent changes in the elements of climate, such as unexpected cold wave, irrespective of the season are contributing factors to the relatively small number of species. Lichen flora of Transkei have been unexplored for a long time. Interesting and new species are expected from this region. No lichen community is reported as endangered. Changes in the lichen flora cannot be assessed, as there is no previous comprehensive record of lichens in Transkei.
INTRODUCTION
Lichenological exploration of the Transkei region started in 1953. Collections made by Almborn from Port St. Johns and Flagstaff were the first, to reveal the existence of interesting endemic taxa and ubiquitous species in this area (Almborn 1966). Distinct foliicolous Lichen specimens from Dwesa Nature Reserve are illustrated by Brusse (1992). The present account is a contribution to the lichenological exploration of Transkei. In all, 500 collections were made belonging to 115 species. Some of them have been identified and others are under the process of identification. The identified specimens are new records for the Transkei region and described in this paper. In spite of all previous investigations many and interesting parts of Transkei remain unexplored as far as the lichen flora is concerned. Among the species recorded as new for Transkei come under fruticose 5 and foliose 9.
10
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following account is based on the collections made by the authors in 1992 from nine districts of Transkei, South Africa. The materials are placed in the authors herbarium and the representative set deposited in the herbarium of the University of Transkei (KEI) for future reference. The following number codes are used to indicate the collecting localities and their altitudes.
Port St Johns Psd 1 5= 2.9 Pl Hululeka Nature Reserve HNR 2 200 M Libode LBD 3 930 M Butterworth BTH 4 680 M Encgobo EGO 5 1200 M Langeni LGI 6 900 M TsolorTLony 1300 M Mt. Frere MFR 8 1200 M Umtata UTA 9 800 M The specimens were collected from different localities (see map of Transkei), dried and preserved by customary method. Visits to the localities were made at different
seasons. Morphology of the upper and the lower surfaces of the thallus, rhizine occurrence and the fruiting bodies were examined for identifications. Macrophotographs were taken with a cannon camera using close up view lens X 6.
ECOLOGY
Growth of most lichens is controlled by specific requirements like moisture, light and temperature. These factors together with altitude effectively restrict their distribution. The physical selective forces limit the period of acquisition of resources needed for growth.
Transkei is between 27°-30° E longitude and 30°-33° § latitude, has an area of 58024 Ha. The ecologic - geographic variations are from coastal region hilly midland to mountainous interior with sub tropical climate with hot wet summer and warm dry winter. The interior is similar to coast but cooler with increasing height. The average daily minimum temperature of the coldest month (July) is 7° c and average daily maximum temperature of hottest month (January) is 28° c. Average rainfall in summer season is 600 mm. although it varies greatly from place to place. Average rain fall in winter is 200 mm. Towards the end of the winter season, this peninsular region experiences strong gale blowing from south polar region. Relative humidity is approximately 40% in the
interior and it varies from 60% = 70% > at’ the’ coast “and midland. The altitude varies from sea level to 2000 nm.
Habitat ranges from dry mountainous area, grass topped bare hills, humid forests and wild coast supporting varied lichen fiora;
Map of Transkei
12
Description of the species are based exclusively on materials studied by the authors. Many taxonomically or phytogeographically poorly investigated species, are not included in the list for the time being. The following collector’s abbreviation is used (R.B.B - R.B. Bhat) for the specimens.
R.B.B. 101. Parmelia(Rimelia) reticulata Tyl.
Corticolous, foliose, upper surface of the thallus is green, lower surface brown along the tip and black towards the other regions. Apothecia not very common. Densely rhizinate on its lower surface. Width of the thallus 8-10 mm. It is commonly found in Umtata.
R.B. B. LO2. skancnoriavparvetina ibs john ay Pin
Corticolous. This is a bright orange red foliose species. Thallus turns green when it is wet. Sparsely rhizinate on appressed parts of the thallus. Round apothecia is sessile and adnate. Apothecial discs are orange red in colour. Grows on the fresh bark of the shady trees along Umtata river bank behind St.Bed’s College. It prefers shady places with high humidity at 400 m - 600 m MSL. Width of the thallus 3-4 mn. It is a rare species.
R.B.B 103. Parmelia(Flavoparmelia) soredians Nyl. Corticolous, foliose, upper surface of the thallus yellowish green, lower surface black, moderately rhizinate on appressed parts of the thallus. It is commonly found on the fresh bark of maple trees near stadium of the Transkei university campus Umtata. Width of the thallus 2-5 mm. Apothecia not common.
R.B.B. 104. Parmelia(Punctelia)borreri (Sm.) Krog. Corticolous, foliose, upper surface of the thallus is green lower surface is brown and black. Short rhizines occur. Found on dry/fresh bark of shady trees along the bank of Umtata river on the lower side of St. Bedes College. Width of the) thallus: (5=72 aim.
R.B.B. 105. Dirinaria picata (Sw.) Aem. & Shear
Corticolous, foliose, upper surface of the thallus is grey, lower surface black. Thallus firmly attached to the substratum. Grows on dry bark of the trees along the bank of Umtata river. 5-6 cm in diameter. Width of thallus 2-4 mn.
Plate 1- General aspects of Parmelia and Heterodermia spps., showing different forms of lobes and apices.
a- Parmelia (Punctilia) borreri b- Heterodermia diademata c- Parmelia(Rimelia)reticulata d- Parmelia(Xanthoparmelia) mutabilis e- Parmelia(Flavoparmelia)soredians f- Parmelia (Parmotrema) austrosinensis Magnification x 1
is
14
R.B.B. 106. Heterodermia diademata (Tayl.) Awasthi Corticolous, foliose, upper surface is greyish white, lower surface white, and rhizinate. Apothecia is rare. Width of the thallus 1-2 mm. This genus is known before only from tropical America, Africa and Philippines and New Gunea.
R.B.B. 107. Parmelia(Parmotrema) austrosinensis Zahlbr. Corticolous, foliose, upper surface is green towards the Older parts of the thallus and grey towards younger parts.Lower surface rhizinate, brown. Occur on the fresh bark of citrus trees in the orchards of Agriculture college, Tsolo. Grows to 3-5 cm in diameter. Width of the thallus varies from 5-12 mn.
R.B.B. 108. Parmelia(Xanthoparmelia)mutabilis Tayl.
Saxicolous, foliose, upper surface olive green, lower surface brown, rhizinate. It is highly evolved group in southern Africa (Hale Jr.1972). Average width of the thallus 3-5 mn.
R.B.B. 110. Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl.
Corticolous, foliose, upper surface grey, glossy, grows on fresh bark of shrubs along Umtata river behind St. Bedes College.
R.B.B. 111. Teloschistis exelis (Michx.) Vain.
Corticolous, fruticose. Grows on the fresh bark of jacaranda trees, garden rose plants at Buntigville, Umtata General hospital. Prefers shrubs. Considerable variation in thallus colour is observed from yellow to orange red to grey or greyish white. Highly branched thalli form tufts of about 5 cm diameter. Long cylindrical very slender erect lobes. Thallus lobes are 3-4 cm long and 0.5-1 mm wide,narrows towards the tip. Tips of the thallus end like a spine. Dichotomously branched. Apothecia frequent. Apothecial discs are orange red in colour and flat. They are lateral or terminal. No hairs at the margin of the apothecia. Orange red fruiting bodies are held on stalks.
R.B.B. 113 Teloschistis hypoglaucus (Nylk.) Zahlbr. Corticolous, fruticose lichen with foliose thallus as seen in lichens of the Himalayas (Poelt & Obermayer 1991). Thallus is divided in to many lobes. Grows to 1-2 cm in diameter. Thallus is ash grey or grey in colour. Lower surface is reticulately veined. Apothecia are numerous and they are lateral or terminal. Apothecial discs are orange red as in Plate 2- Upper surface of thalli of fruticose and foliose lichens. a- Teloschistes hypoglaucus with apothecia (arrow) b- Xanthoria parietina c- Dirinaria picatata
d- Usnea undulata e- Ramalina aspera with apothecia (arrow) f- Ramalina celastri thallus with apothecia (arrow)
15
16
Xanthoria and concave, 1-2 mm in diameter. Hairy structures along the margin of the apothecia and on the thallus. Apothecia are held on short stalks. Grows on fresh bark of shady trees along gravel road to Zingiza. Occurs only in southern hemisphere, South America, South Africa and Australia (Almborn 1989).
R.B.B. 115) Usnea undulata (Stirt.)
Corticolous, fruticose, green, erect, or pendulous dichotomously branched thallus. Radially symmetrical. The thallus is attached to the substratum at one point. Grows on fresh bark on trees as well as on dry branches. Varying in height from 3-8 cm. Occurs very commonly in Hululeka Nature reserve, Engcobo, and Libode.
R.B.B. 118. Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) Krog. & Swinsc. Corticolous, fruticose, thallus is short with broad undivided base. Thallus flat and ridged. Olive green in colour. Bilaterally symmetrical,firmly attached to the fresh bark of trees. The base of the thallus penetrate deep in to the cortex of the host plant. Thallus is branched. Apothecia are abundant and adnate, apical or sub apical or laminal varying in height from 1-8 cm. Width of the thallus varies from 3-10 mm. In some cases the lamina of the thallus has foliatious extensions. R.celastri is one of the most common species in Transkei. It is found to be widely distributed on branches which are exposed to light,mostly upper part of the trees and usually not observed to towards the base of the host plant. Photophilous.
R.B.B. 120. Ramalina aspera Ras.
Corticolous, fruticose broad and flat thallus,bilaterally symmetrical, branched, short, 1-3 cm long, 3-5 mm broad. The basal part is un-branched. Apothecia sub apical or sometimes laminal or marginal or at random held on very short stalk. Apothecial disc flat. Occurs more frequently on exposed branches of trees,therefore tolerant to high intensity of light. It is also observed on artificial habitats like parks and town avenues on fence posts roof tops. They occur more frequently on well exposed branches compared to lower branches which are shaded. Photophilous.
CONCLUSION
Fourteen lichens new to Transkei are investigated and recorded. They are mostly common or wide spread species, which indicate that most part of the ‘Transkei and scientifically important areas are unknown from. the lichenological point of view. The coastal region represents a community dominated by different species of Ramalina together with foliose and crustose lichens. As the population of Ramalina increases on the host plant the vegetative growth of that particular part decreases and Slowly dies off giving a clue that it may be semi-parasite.
T7
Further this genus shows heliotropic tendency. The altitude, strong gale from polar region, frequent changes in the elements of climate are contributing factors to the relatively small number of species in this region. Some areas are so inactive that vegetation does not have the opportunity to become established. In areas where vegetation occurs it can appear as strips and patches. Some types of lichens especially foliose and fruticose establish themselves by becoming intertwined with host plant material. Some fruticose lichens which have foliose thallus, is a special feature noted in Transkei. Similar observations have been made in some lichens in the Himalayas (Poelt & Obermayer, 1991). Lichens can be used as biological indicators because of their sensitivity to environmental pollution. Scientific research regarding the role of lichens as monitors of environmental pollution began from the middle of the century. As there is no previous comprehensive records of lichens from this regions, the rate of pollution and changes in lichen communities could not be assessed and established. No particular lichen community is reported as endangered by any agency. Any type of environmental change may have an impact on the lichen population. Growth in human population and industries in the city of Umtata and other towns may increase pollution and influence the growth of lichens and may result in the disappearance of some lichen species. Further future investigations on the lichenological studies may throw more light in this direction.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to the Department of Forestry, Transkei, South Africa, for the necessary permit to collect the living materials from the forests and nature reserves. Our thanks are also due to Dr. Darrell J. Weber for the ' valuable suggestions and corrections to the manuscript.
REFERENCES
Almborn, O. 1966. Revision of some lichen genera in southern Africa I. Botaniska Notisier 119 OF ase Sy. sa7.0 slo,
Almborn, O. 1989.Revision of the lichen genus Teloschistes in central and southern Africa. Nord. J. Bot. 8(5): 521-537.
Brusse,F.Ai, Dickinson, -C.H..1991.)Asnew foliicolous species in the lichen genus Porina (Porinaceae, Pyrinulales) from southern Africa. Mycotaxon 42: Sidi sO Os
Brusse, F. 1992. Gomphillaceae (Lichens). A new species of Bullatina from the Transkei wild coast. Bothalia 22 (1): 44-46.
18
Elix, J.A. & Johnston, J. 1988. New species and new reports of Flavoparmelia (lichenized Ascomycotina) from southern hemisphere. Mycotaxon 33: 391-400.
Hale Mason, E. Jr. 1972. New species of Parmelia section cyclocheila in southern Africa. Bryologist 75 (3): 342-348.
Poelt, J. & Obermayer,W. 1991.Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flechten Flora des Himalaya II .Die Gattung Byonora (Lichenes, Lecanoraceae) Zugleich eine revision aller Arten. Nova Hedwigia 53(1): 1-26.
MY COTAXON
Volume L, pp. 19-25 January-March 1994
BATTARREOIDES DIGUETII (GASTEROMYCETES, TULOSTOMATALES) IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
J.C. COETZEE and A. EICKER
Department of Biological Sciences, Peninsula Technikon, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville, 7530, Republic of South Africa
Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, 0001, Republic of South Africa.
SUMMARY
Two recent collections of Battarreoides diguetii from Botswana and South Africa confirm the occurrence of this fungus in southern Africa. The southern African material is described and its spores are compared with those of Batarrea stevenii.
KEY WORDS: Battarreoides diguetii; Batarrea stevenii; southern Africa; scanning electron microscopy.
INTRODUCTION
When Bottomley (1948) recorded Battarreoides diquetii (Pat. & Har.) R. Heim & T. Herrera [as Batarrea digueti Pat. & Har.] from the northern Transvaal in South Africa, she had little doubt that her diagnosis was correct, even though this species was, until then, known from, and believed to be confined to North America only (Cunninghan, 1944). Scepticism regarding the occurrence of this fungus in Africa persisted, however, and in his authoritative Gasteromycete overview, Dring (1973) for example, still cited Battarreoides as an endemic North American genus, a view also upheld in Hawksworth et al. (1983). The disjunct distribution pattern created by the African material, which comprised of a single specimen only, and the uncharacteristic photograph in Bottomley (1948) might have contributed to this scepticism. The recent collection of three Battarreoides specimens from the Kalahari region in Botswana and South Africa was of particular significance, therefore, since it finally confirmed the southern African distribution of this genus. The Kalahari material, as well as the northern Transvaal specimen (Bottomley, 1948), largely agree to earlier descriptions of Battarreoides Giguetii (Patouillard & Hariot, 1896; Rea, 1942; Herrera, 1953) and these authors believe that the southern African
20
material should be assigned to that species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The description that follows is based on dried herbarium material kept in the South African National Collection of Fungi (PREM). Only three southern African collections, comprising four specimens, exist. Kreisel (1967) and \Miller)))& Miller: ((1988))\.were (followed) > in determining the blueing reaction of the glebal hyphae in aniline blue/lactophenol. For electron microscopy, glebal tissue of B. diguetii was affixed onto copper stubs, coated with gold ina Polaron sputter coater and examined with a Jeol 840 scanning electron microscope. For comparison, spores of two Batarrea stevenii collections (PREM 28261 and PREM 49215) were examined in the same way. Spore sizes were measured directly from the scanning electron micrographs, but capillitium measurements were obtained from material mounted in colourless lactophenol and observed through a| Reichert-Jung Polyvar microscope. Colour names and codes appearing in brackets’ refer to the closest colour equivalents in the "Methuen Handbook of Colour" (Kornerup & Wanscher, 1978).
DESCRIPTION
Battarreoides diguetii (Pat. et Har.) R. Heim et T. Herrera,! Anwiinst «biol «Mex. wo2 em SU (LOGI. = Batarrea Digueti Patouillard et Hariot,
Journ. /de Botan due!) 0015 est 2 5 pon ek (1896).
= Battarraeastrum Digueti (Pat. et Har.) R. Heim et T. Herrera, Rev. de Mycol. 25(3-4): 2 Die bn L9 GO.)
= Battarrea Griffithsii Underwood, Bull. Torrey Bot. Olub: 28-4440) opty o3 7k OOi ie
= Battarrea Digueti forma minor Lloyd, Myc. Writ. TAS) ah S aD Lees ty noe 3 SG Oo aL
= Battarreoides potosinus T. Herrera, An. Inst. Biol Mex vu243 (47 =A26,,(01953)).
Basidiocarp stipitate. Peridium attached more or less centrally on the stipe apex, campanulate, 30-51 mm wide, up to, 30), mm high, Vbut only;up. to 12. smnmiseparating che peridial apex from the point of attachment to the stipe. A narrow, protruding, membraneous margin demarcates’ the junction between the convex upper and concave bottom peridial halves (zone of circumscissile dehiscence in Batarrea). Exoperidium creamish white (yellowish white; 442), thin, brittle fugacious,,-virtually absent onwsome (usually weathered) specimens. Endoperidium concolourous with exoperidium, smooth, texture tough and springy, dehiscing by means of pores mostly arranged ina circle along the peridial circumference, a few millimetres above the junction of the upper and lower peridial halves. Stipe
zt
yellowish cream (pale yellow; 4A3) or blackish brown (although more brownish towards the base), up to 27,5 cm long, 9-12 mm wide, cylindrical but attenuating towards the base, hollow, smooth to squamose, may be deeply sulcate, lacerating into large linear, fibrous scales, more so towards the base, sometimes contorted, the sulcations then spiralling along the length of the stipe. Gleba cobwebby, dark brown (dark brown; 7F8), adherent to the base of the endoperidium, comprised of elaters, spores and hyaline to very faintly pigmented hyphae (both thin
walled and skeletal), 2-7 um in diameter. Thin-walled hyphae abundant, comprising single hyphae to amorphous, tissue-like mycelial aggregates, sparsely septate, occasionally branched. Skeletal hyphae (capillitium) thick Wotltece (Up icOmlls/> Lum rarely branched.) “apparently
aseptate, cyanophilic, arising from thin walled hyphae. Elaters 2,5-8,75 wm in diameter (mostly varying between 4,5-6,25 wm), consisting of very short to longer fragments usually not exceeding much more than 160 yum in length (although lengths of up to 210 um have been measured), occasionally branched, often with tapering, rounded ends. Elater walls hyaline and thin but with numerous annular (occasionally spiral), wall thickenings, yellowish brown in colourless lactophenol and positively cyanophilic upon heating in aniline blue/lactophenol. Basidia: immature stages not preserved to record these cells. Basidiospores dark rusty brown (dark. brown; 7F8).,,. globose’ to’ broadly Nata e-Oy oO. LM LOnGsand 4)6—-576 Uso rOag.! Very sSnoncly pedicelled (0,5 um), appearing pitted under the light microscope’ but with a aqistinctiy reticulate wall sculpture on the electron micrographs. Volva not observed. Habitat: Arid soil; sand dune; termite mound.
Distribution in Africa: northern Transvaal and north western Cape, South Africa; central Botswana.
Distribution elsewhere: North America.
Teones: Patouillard & | Hariot))(1896),, White (1901), \Lioyd (29063. PLOVaS NT CLO23 ie REAM GLO d 2) BOCCOmMLey i \(LO4Syr, Herrera (1953), Heim & Herrera (1960).
Material examined: SOUTH AFRICA: Botanic Reserve near Messina, northern Transvaal, on termite mound, I.B. Pole EBVans. |S PREM. 20459, August; | 19257. Groblershoop, north western Cape Province, on sand dune, M.C. Moolman, PREM 494325) March 1989. BOTSWANA: Approximately 8 km West of Tsutswa pan (approx. 63 km West of Hukuntzi), Kgalagadi SIisteict, On sanay soll, 1G. D. .Oubpert (PREM) 51435 7)'13 .97.89.
DISCUSSION
Macroscopically, the monotypic genus Battarreoides differs from Batarrea by the endoperidium which dehisces by multiple pores instead of circumscissilely. The most Significant microscopic difference between the two genera lies in the relative lengths of the elaters, which in Batarrea seldomly exceed 80 um, while lengths of between 100-200 wm are common in Battarreoides (Rea, 1942; Miller & Miller, 1988).
22
Although the photograph of Battarreoides diguetii in Bottomley (1948) depicts a specimen without peridial perforations, re-examination of Bottomley’s material (PREM 20459) did reveal distinctive perforations in that part of the peridium not visible in the photograph. Examination and careful comparison of ‘all the southern African specimens convinced uS'/5Of Sthexr conspecificity and position in the genus Battarreoides.
The southern African Battarreoides specimens do not differ Significantly from earlier descriptions and illustrations of B. diguetii (Patouillard & Hariot, 1896; White, 1901; Lloyd, 1906; Lloyd, 1923; Rea, 1942; Herrera, 1953; Heim & Herrera, 1960) and we have little doubt that they represent the same species. The peridial perforations in our specimens are largely restricted to a circular
arrangement and, with one exception, are not scattered over the peridial surface as reported by Patouillard & Hariot (1896) and Herrera (1953). This seems to bea variable characterisric, however, as a Circurar arrangement had also _been reported for a number of specimens examined by Herrera (1953)..5 MOsStasrautcnons
describe the gleba as pulverulent and not cobwebby as interpreted by Lloyd (1923) and ourselves. This character also seems to vary, and is speculated to be a function of the’ age* ofthe fruitang body at the “time of “collection, The only major difference between the southern African and North American material appears to be the absence of a volva,in the former. Thais, however,.1s a’ structure tac could easily be overlooked by the inexperienced collector and from earlier illustrations it is evident that the volva is not always included in herbarium specimens (Lloyd, 1923; Rea, 1942; Heim & Herrera, 1960). All the southern African collections were made by non-mycologists and the absence of the volva is therefore most likely to have been caused by collector ignorance.
The spore ornamentation of B. digueti has been interpreted as warted, reticulated or perforate (Rea, 1942), obscurely verrucose (Patoulllard & :Hariot, 1896) and finely bristly (Herrera, 1953). Under the SEM, spores of the southern African collections were, however, distinctly” retictilatere(hrgures ila sande ab)7 By this characteristic alone, the Battarreoides specimens were clearly distinguishable from Batarrea stevenii which had spores of a more verrucose nature (Figures 1c and 1d). The reticulate spore ornamentation, lack of circumscissile dehiscence and long elaters thus form a combination of characteristics which distinguish Battarreoides from Batarrea. This”1s* in tcontlict with) the results ors sagoom study by Liu and Liu (1983), however, who reported and
Fig. 1. a-b. Basidiospores of Battarreoides diguetii. c-d. Basidiospores and elaters of Batarrea stevenii.
24
illustrated reticulate spores, closely resembling those of our Battarreoides diguetii specimens, for Batarrea stevenii. This apparent discrepancy requires an examination of the sporophores used in their study for elater length and circumscissile dehiscence. Tt ce probable that the spores described by Liu and Liu (1983) were not those of Batarrea stevenii.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The co-operation of Alice P. Baxter, curator of PREM, and’ the assistance of Prof. J. Coetzee, Mr. C. van der Merwe and Mr. A. Botha of the electron microscopy unit, University of Pretoria, is gratefully acknowledged. Professor Orson Ki. Miller of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University is thanked for critically reviewing an earlier draft of this manuscript. This study was partially funded by a FRD grant to the junior author.
REFERENCES
Bottomley, A.M. (1948). Gasteromycetes of South Africa. Bothalia 4(3): 73-810.
Cunningham, G.H. (1944). The Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand. Dunedin: John McIndoe.
Dring, D.M. (1973). Gasteromycetes. pp. 451-478. In Ainsworth et al., (eds): The Fungi: An advanced treatise. Vol 4B. New York: Academic Press.
Hawksworth)«(D. Li /{Sutton Bwie. To \Aansworth, G.Cly (L983), Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, 7th ed. Kew : Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
Herrera, T. (1953). Un hongo nuevo procedente del Estado de San Luis Potosi Battarreoides potosinus. An. Inst. Biol. Mex. 24: 41-46.
Heim, R. & Herrera, T. (1960). Nouvelles contributions a la flore mycologique mexicaine. Revue de Mycologie ZO mi clo) 236
Heim, R. & Herrera, T. (1961). Una nueva especie de Podocrea y una nueva combinacion el nombre de un hongo Mexicano del genero Battarreoides. An. Inst. Biol.) Mex. 322)°29-3:1;
Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978). Methuen handbook of colour. London: Methuen.
Kreisel, H. (1988). Taxonomisch-Pflanzengeographische Monographie der Gattung Bovista. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 25: 1-244.
Liu, Be) &) baw Yi -HS 4983), Scanning, electron :;microscopy of basidiospores of Battarraea stevenii. Mycologia VD e OL = Ob.
Lloyd, C.G. (1906). Tylostomeae. Mycological Writings 2: Se Zor.
Lloyd, .CaG.., (1923)). ‘Battarrea Digqueti,.from) Ivan iM. Johnston, Collected:San Nicholas Bay, California.
Mycological Writings’ )7'(3 }swLl74—1175). Miller, O.K. & Miller, H.H. (1988). Gasteromycetes.
25
Morphological and development features with keys to the orders, families and genera. Eureka: Mad River Press.
Patouillard, M.M. & Hariot, P. (1896). Liste des champignons recolte en Basse-Californie par M. Diguet. Journal de Botanique 10: 250-251.
Rea, P.M. (1942). Fungi of southern California. 1. Mycologia 34: 563-574.
White, Vis. (1901). The Tylostomaceae of North America.
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 28: 421-444.
MY COTAXON
Volume L, pp. 27-46 January-March 1994
TYPE STUDIES IN THE POLYPORACEAE 25 SPECIES DESCRIBED FROM JAPAN BY R. IMAZEKI AND A. YASUDA
BY
TSUTOMU HATTORI Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, PO. Box 16, Tsukuba Norin, Kenkyu, Danchi-Nai, Ibaraki, 305 Japan
and
LEIF RYVARDEN Department of Botany, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1045, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
ABSTRACT
The types of 32 polypores described by R. Imazeki and A. Yasuda have been examined. 17 species are accepted while 15 are placed in synonymy with already described species. The following new combinations are proposed: Melanoporia castanea (Imaz.) Hatt.& Ryv., Antrodiella gypsea (Yas.) Hatt. & Ryv., Perenniporia japonica (Yas.) Hatt. & Ryv., Perenniporia minutissima (Yas.) Hatt. & Ryv. and Trichaptum parvulus (Yasuda) Hatt. & Ryv.
INTRODUCTION
The polypore flora of Japan is incompletely known and the latest comprehensive list is that of Ito (1955). However, numerous resupinate species were omitted while many species have later been reported from the country, see for example Aoshima & Kobayashi (1983) and Furukawa, Abe & Neda (1983). Further, the nomenclature in Ito's list is outdated, making it difficult to use the list.
The flora of North American polypores (Gilbertson & Ryvarden 1986 & 1987) gave an updated checklist for the North American continent using the same nomenclature as in Europe (see Ryvarden & Gilbertson 1993). These publications have made comparative studies much easier since the names used in the two areas now are in consensus,
From Ito's list and more popular floras like those of Imazeki & Hongo (1965, 1989), it is evident that Japan has many polypores in common with both Europe and North America. Some of them have been named anew in Japan while others are cited with synonyms. Thus, we felt it necessary to make up a critical checklist for the polypores of Japan as a first preliminary step towards a complete flora. During the compilation of names of polypores recorded from Japan, it became clear that a number of types
28
ND000D 0
10 wm
Nie
Fig. 1. Melanoporia castanea A) section of basidiocarp, B) basidiospores, C) basidia, D) contextual generative hyphae, E) contextual skeletal hyphae. A,D and E from the type, B and C from TFM-F-15770.
Ne)
had to be examined to ascertain the status of a number of names which more or less had slept in oblivion since their publication. The results of these studies are published below to avoid excessive taxonomic discussions and descriptions in the forthcoming checklist.
The two authors cited in the title are the only Japanese mycologists who have published new polypores from the main land of Japan. Bonin Island has a very distinct mycoflora being situated 1,000 km SE of Japanese main islands, and its polypores will be treated in a series of separate papers. Thus, we felt it natural to treat R. Imazeki and A. Yasuda species in one paper.
C. G. Lloyd described many species from Japan based on collections from Yasuda. The results of studies on the types of these species have already been published in previous parts of this series. The reader is referred to Ryvarden (1991) for a complete list of previous type studies and a list of all species treated in the series up to 1991.
In the following, species of both authors are listed alphabetically according to specific epithet. For each species the place of publication is given with the type locality and the herbarium in which the type is deposited. The herbaria are indicated with the abbreviations as given in Index Herbariorum, 7th edition.
K. Aoshima proposed many names for new polypores from Japan. However, unfortunately he overlooked the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Thus, all his new names, mostly as nomina nuda, must be rejected as invalidly published for different reasons.
If the species is accepted, it is cited in its proper genus with a reference to a modern description. If none exist, the species is described here. The basionyms and the accepted names are printed in bold face.
LIST OF SPECIES
albicans, Grifola Imaz., J. Jap. Bot. 19:386, 1943.
Yabukawa, Iwate Pref., Japan, 29 Sep. 1938, leg. K. Ito (lectotype selected here, TNS-206974).= Grifola frondosa (Fr.) S.F.Gray The type specimen represents only a pale form of the widespread G. frondosa. Imazeki (1943) concluded that it is distinct with its very wide context hyphae, but such wide hyphae are also seen in many specimens of G. frondosa.
calvatioides, Polyporus Imaz. J. Jap. Bot. 16:269, 1940.
Summer, 1917, leg. J; Umemura (Type of Calvatia versispora Lloyd, BPI).
= Laetiporus versisporus (Lloyd) Imaz.
P. calvatioides was proposed as nomen novum (for use in the genus Polyporus) by Imazeki because the combination Polyporus versisporus Lloyd was an illegitimate homonym of Polyporus versisporus Pers. 1825.
castanea, Fomitopsis Imaz., Bull. Gov. Forest Exp. St. Tokyo 42:1, 1949.
Kitasaku, Nagano, Japan, 9 Oct. 1947, leg. R. Imazeki (type, TFM - F-346; isotype in TNS).
=Melanoporia castanea (Imaz.) Hattori & Ryvarden comb. nov., basionym as
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Fig. 2. A-C: Daedaleopsis conchiformis A) basidiocarps, B) section of basidiocarp, C) pores. From the type. D-I: Daedalea dickensii D) pores, C) basidiospores, F) basidia, G) contextual generative hyphae, H) contextual skeletal hyphae, 1) contextual binding hyphae. D, G-I from the lectotype; E and F from TFM-F-16200.
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cited above.
Basidiocarp sessile, occasionally resupinate, perennial; pileus triquetrous, ungulate or irregular, up to 30 cm long, up to 15 cm thick, margin thick and dull, pileus surface chestnut brown and velutinous in young specimens, almost black and glabrous in old specimens; tubes multizonate, purplish brown, pore surface dark umber to purplish brown, pores circular, 5-6 /mm; context fibrous-corky, purplish brown.
Hyphal system dimitic, contextual generative hyphae hyaline, 1.5-4 um wide, with clamp connections; contextual skeletal hyphae olivaceous brown in KOH, 3-5.5 um wide, thick to almost solid, unbranched to occasionally branched; tramal generative hyphae hyaline to pale yellow, 1.5-3 um wide, with clamp connections; tramal skeletal hyphae olivaceous brown in KOH, almost straight, thick to almost solid, 3-5 uum wide; cystidia none. Type sterile, so following descriptions of basidia and basidiospores were made based on TFM-F-15770. Basidia clavate, 15-20 x 4.5-5 um, 4-sterigmate, with a basal clamp, basidiospores long ellipsoid, hyaline, IKI-, 4-5 x 1.8-2.5 um (Fig. 1).
Remarks: This species is closely related to Melanoporia nigra (Berk.) Murr.(basionym Polyporus nigra Berk., K, BPI!) with its purplish brown context and brown rot. Thus, Imazeki & Hongo (1989) reduced it to a synonym of M. nigra. However, M. nigra has a consistently resupinate basidiocarp while M. castanea usually has a well developed pileus. Besides, the context hyphae of M. nigra are much wider than those of M. castanea.
cercidiphyllum, Cryptoderma Imaz., Bull. Gov. Forest Exp. St. Tokyo 42:2,1949. Shibetsu, Hokkaido, Japan, 23 July 1941, leg. R. Imazeki (type, TNS-212095).
= Phellinus conchatus (Pers.:Fr.) Pat. as already pointed out by Aoshima (1983). citrinum, Cryptoderma Imaz., Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 6:107, 1943.
Tano-cho, Miyazaki, Japan, leg. T. Nukumizu (neotype selected here, TFM-F-2420). = Phellinus xeranticus (Berk.) Pegler, as already pointed out by Imazeki et al. (1966). For a detailed description of this species, see Pegler (1964) and Ryvarden & Johansen (1980). Coloured pictures are given in Imazeki & Hongo (1989) and Imazeki et al (1990).
conchiformis, Daedaleopsis Imaz., Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 6:77, 1943. Accepted in the genus.
Sendai, Miyagi, Japan, on Quercus serrata Thunb., May 1907, leg. A. Yasuda, (type in BPI as type of Trametes tricolor Lloyd, BPI-US0321332).
Basidiocarp sessile; pileus dimidiate, applanate, imbricated, 2-6 cm long, 0.3-0.6 cm thick, margin thin and acute, deflexed; pileus surface cinnamon to chestnut brown, glabrous, subzonate, concentrically sulcate or not, radially ridged and partly rough; tubes pale brown, 1-4 mm deep; pore surface grayish brown, pores mostly regular and angular, partly elongated, (1-)2-3 /mm, dissepiments thin and becoming lacerate; context corky, pale brown, 1-2 mm thick.
Hyphal system trimitic, contextual generative hyphae hyaline, thin walled, 2-3 um, with clamp-connections; contextual skeletal hyphae thick-walled, hyaline to pale yellow, unbranched to occasionally branched, 3-7.5 um wide in KOH (2.5-5 um wide in
DDDDDODDOD D
10 um
yon”
Fig. 3. Antrodiella gypsea A) basidiocarps, B) section of basidiocarp, C) cystidia, D) basidiospores, E) basidia, F) contextual generative hyphae, G) contextual skeletal hyphae. From the lectotype.
a3
Melzer's reagent); contextual binding hyphae thick-walled, hyaline to pale yellow, conspicuously branched, up to 5m wide in KOH; tramal hyphae as in context hyphae; basidia and basidiospores not seen in type material (Fig.2, A-C).
Remarks: This species is closely related to D. confragosa, but has smaller pores and basidiocarps. Spores are not known from the type nor from other collections, but other microscopic characteristics are rather similar to those of D. confragosa. Cultural studies and mating tests are needed to decide whether they are distinct species or only a form of the same species.
It was first named as Trametes tricolor Lloyd as it was taken as a trametoid form of Lenzites tricolor. As the combination Daedaleopsis tricolor was preoccupied by Daedaleopsis tricolor (Bull.:Fr.) Bond. & Sing., the name cited above was proposed by Imazeki.
dickinsii, Daedalea Yasuda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 36:127, 1922.
Sendai, Prov. Rikuzen (Miyagi Pref.), leg. A. Yasuda (lectotype, selected here, TNS-202243, isotype in TFM).
Accepted in the genus.
This is only a partly daedaleoid form of Trametes dickinsii Cke. as pointed out by Yasuda himself (1923). Ryvarden (1988) placed this species in synonymy with Daedalea incana (Lév.) Ryv. However, a comparison and a renewed examination of the type from the Paris herbarium (PC) has shown that D. incana has much smaller pores and a more brownish context. Thus, we concluded that D. dickensii is a distinct species.
Trametes dickinsit Cke. (1891) has priority over D. dickinsii Yas. Yasuda (1922), but Cooke's name cannot be transferred to Daedalea, since the name is preoccupied by that of Yasuda. His name will then be the valid name as long as the species is placed in Daedalea. In all other combinations, the basionym must be that of Cooke. Basidiocarp sessile, annual to perennial, pileus dimidiate, applanate to triquetrous, up to 20 cm long, 10 cm wide, and 5 cm thick, margin usually dull; pilear surface pale ochraceous to pinkish buff, inner parts often brownish in old specimens, glabrous, smooth or with scattered nodulae or irregularly rough, concentrically sulcate or not; tubes up to 15 mm deep;, pores usually circular, partly elongated to daedaleoid, 1-2/mm, dissepiments thick and smooth; context tough corky, pinkish buff, up to 20 mm thick.
Hyphal system trimitic; contextual generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 1.5-3 um wide, with clamp-connections; contextual skeletal hyphae hyaline to pale brown, thick-walled to almost solid, unbranched to occasionally branched, 2.5-4.5 um wide; contextual binding hyphae moderately branched, up to 4.5 um wide; tramal hyphae as in context; type sterile, so following descriptions of basidia and basidiospores were made based on TFM-F-16200; basidia 18-25 x 4.5-6 um, 4-sterigmate, with a basal clamp; basidiospores cylindrical, hyaline, IKI~ 4-5.5 x 1.8-2.5 um (Fig.2, D-I). Remarks: The species is very common in temperate areas of Japan, most commonly on Fagus crenata and Quercus spp. Bakshi (1971) reported the species from Himalayas (specimens in DD examined), and Hjortstam & Ryvarden (1984),
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10 um
Fig. 4. A-D: Tyromyces incarnatus A) basidiospores, B) basidia, C) tramal generative hyphae, D) contextual generative hyphae. A and B from TFM-F-15116; Cs and D from the lectotype. E-H: Echinodontium japonicum E) basidiospores, F) cystidia, G) generative hyphae, H) skeletal hyphae. from the type.
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Ryvarden et al. (1986) reported this from Nepal and China respectively under the name of D. incana. It is probably widespread in temperate areas of eastern Asia. There is no doubt that D. dickinsii is closely related to the widespread Daedalea quercina Fr., separated only by the smaller and more regular pores. Comparative cultural studies and interfertility tests are desirable to ascertain their interrelationship.
gypseus, Polystictus Yasuda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 32:249, 1918.
Sendai, Rikuzen (Miyagi), Japan, 26 May 1912, leg. A. Yasuda ( lectotype, selected here, TNS-201855, isotype in TFM).
= Antrodiella gypsea (Yasuda) Hattori & Ryvarden comb. nov., basionym as cited above.
Basidiocarp sessile, effused-reflexed or occasionally fully resupinate, annual, very light in weight; pilei dimidiate or laterally fused and elongated, imbricated or single, up to 2 cm long and 1 cm wide in single pilei, up to 3 mm thick, margin usually acute; pilear surface pubescent, radially sulcate or not, white; tubes white, up to 1.5 mm deep; pore surface white, pores angular, 5-6/mm; context soft-fibrous, white, up to 2 mm thick.
Hyphal system dimitic; contextual generative hyphae hyaline, thin to slightly thick- walled, 1.5-2 um wide, with clamp-connections, contextual skeletal hyphae hyaline, thick walled, almost straight, 2-3 tum wide; tramal generative hyphae hyaline, 1.5-2 uum wide, with clamp-connections; tramal skeletal hyphae hyaline, thick to almost solid, 2-2.5 um wide; cystidia scattered, acute, thin to slightly thick-walled at the tip, encrusted at the tip or not; hyphal pegs abundant; basidia ellipsoid, 4-sterigmate, 6-9 x 3-4,.2 tum; basidiospores long ellipsoid, hyaline, IKI, thin walled, 2.2-3 x 1.0-1.5 um (Fig.3).
Remarks. The dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, small spores, a fleshy consistency, and a white rot, make this a typical member of Antrodiella. It is common in Japan on coniferous trees including species of Abies, Chamaecyparis and Cryptomeria.
A. gypsea is similar to Oxyporus cuneatus (Murr.) Aosh. with the same white and soft-fibrous basidiocarp and host range, but the latter species has larger pores, and the hyphal characteristics are very different.
hispida, Protodaedalea Imaz., Rev. Mycol. 20:159, 1955.
Oomiya-guti, Mt. Fuji, 4 Aug. 1954, leg. Toki (lectotype, selected here in TNS, isotype in TFM).
= Accepted in the genus.
For a detailed description of this interesting poroid heterobasidiomycete, see Bandoni et al. (1981).
incarnatus, Tyromyces Imaz., Bull. Gov. Forest Exp. Sta. Tokyo 67: 31, 1954. Asakawa, Tokyo, Japan, on rotten wood of Abies firma Sieb. & Zucc., 30 July 1938, leg. R. Imazeki (lectotype selected here, TNS; isotype in TFM).
= Tyromyces incarnatus Imaz.
Basidiocarp sessile, annual; pileus spatulate, flabelliform to dimidiate, applanate, up
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to 10 cm long, 1 cm thick, margin thin and acute; upper surface pink, rose to reddish orange, drying darker, glabrous, smooth to somewhat nodulose; tubes up to 5 mm deep, pinkish white; pore surface pinkish, pores circular, 3-4/mm, dissepiments thin; context sappy when fresh, drying rigid, up to 7 mm thick.
Hyphal system monomitic; contextual generative hyphae hyaline, thin to slightly thick walled and with clamps, 2.5-6 [um wide, tramal generative hyphae hyaline, thin- or thick-walled to almost solid, 2-5 tum wide; cystidia none. Type sterile and contaminated, and the following descriptions of basidia and basidiospores were made based on TFM-F-15116; basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, with a basal clamp, 12-16 x 4.5-5.5 um; basidiospores hyaline, IKI-, thin walled, 4-5 x 1.5-2.5 um (Fig.4, A-D). Remarks: The species is remarkable by its reddish basidiocarp and host range (always on conifers) within the genus Tyromyces. Macroscopically the species remind about Leptoporus mollis (Pers.:Fr.) Quél. which however has simple septate hyphae.
japonica, Trametes Yasuda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 32:356, 1918.
Sumoto, Awaji, Japan, 17 Mar. 1918, leg. J. Matsuzawa. (lectotype, selected here, BPI -US0320326)
= Perenniporia japonica (Yasuda) Hattori & Ryvarden comb. nov., basionym as cited above. q : This is a prior name for Perenniporia fulviseda (Bres.) Dhanda (Basionym: Poria fulviseda Bres., BPI!). For a detailed description of this characteristic species, see Keller (1986) as P. fulviseda. Besides central Europe, it is also known from the Himalayas (Thind & Dhanda 1981), specimen in BPI examined).
japonicum, Echinodontium Imaz. J. Jap. Bot. 11:520, 1935.
Hana-yama, Nara, Japan, 11 May 1933, leg. R. Imazeki, on Quercus glauca Thunb. (type TNS-200301, isotype in TFM).
= Accepted in the genus.
The species is described in Gross monograph of the genus (Gross 1964) where clearly points to the close relationship to the East American species E. ballouii (Banker) Gross. Never the less, to draw the attention to this rare species it is redescribed here.
Basidiocarp effused-reflexed to almost resupinate, perennial; pileus irregular to lacking, up to 4 mm wide; pilear surface almost black, crustaceous, glabrous, smooth to slightly rough; hymenophore spiny, spines sordid white to pale buff, rigid, up to 10 mm long, up to 0.5 mm in diameter, often flattened or forked; context woody hard, cinnamon, up to 1 mm thick, with black shiny crust next to substrate.
Hyphal system dimitic; contextual generative hyphae thin to slightly thick-walled, hyaline to pale yellow, simple septate with some scattered clamps, 2-4 um wide; contextual skeletal hyphae thick walled, pale brown, occasionally encrusted at the tip, 3-6 um wide; tramal hyphae as in context hyphae; cystidia abundant, thick-walled, pale brown, apically encrusted, mostly imbedded in the trama, 30-50 x 7.5-10.5 um; basidia not seen; basidiospores ellipsoid, finely echinulate, hyaline, strongly amyloid in Melzer's reagent, 5.5-7.5 x 3.2-4.5 um (Fig.4, E-G). See, also Imazeki (1935).
of
Remarks: E. japonicum is a very rare species in Japan and restricted to species of Quercus.
kanehirae, Polyporus Yasuda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 35:205, 1921.
Mt.Yura, Taiwan, 3 Apr. 1918, leg. R. Kanehira. (type TNS-201566, isotype in TFM) = Phellinus kanehirae (Yasuda) Ryv.
This species is apparently related to Phellinus nilgheriensis (Mont.) Ryv. (Basionym Polyporus nilgheriensis Mont., cotype in K selected here as lectotype). The only distinction between them is the occurrence of setae which are abundant in P. kanehirae and extremely sparse in P. nilgheriensis. Thus, it is a possibility that they represent forms of the same species. For a detailed description of P. kanehirae, see Ryvarden (1990).
kiyosumiensis, Fomitopsis Imaz. & Sasaki nom. nud. in S. Ito, Mycol. Flora of Japan Vol.2 No.4, 1955.
= Perenniporia latissima (Bres.) Ryv. as already indicated by Imazeki & Hongo (1965).
komatsuzakii, Polyporus Yasuda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 31:329, 1917.
Isozaki, Iyo, Japan, 10 Dec. 1916, leg. M. Komatsuzaki. (lectotype, selected here, TNS-201420)
=Piptoporus soloniensis (Dub.:Fr.) Pilat.
The type is sterile but spore measurements given by Yasuda are those of P. soloniensis, and they have the same hyphal system. The context of the type is extremely fragile and grayish compared with P. soloniensis. For the time being, we prefer to leave it as a synonym of that species.
kusanoana, Trametes Imaz. Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 6:73, 1943.
Bot. Gdn. Tokyo, Japan, 1901, leg. S. Kusano (type of Daedalea kusanoi, Murr., NY). = Lenzites vespacea (Pers.) Ryv.
The name cited above was proposed by Imazeki as nomen novum for Daedalea kusanoi Murr. as the combination "Trametes kusanoi" was preoccupied by Trametes kusanoi (Murr.) Sacc. & Trott. (basionym Coriolellus kusanoi Murr.).
minutissima, Trametes Yasuda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 34:29, 1920.
Fujishiro, Ibaraki, Japan, 1 Oct. 1919, leg. Y. Irie. (Neotype selected here, TNS-202074)
= Perenniporia minutissima (Yasuda) Hattori & Ryvarden comb.nov., basionym as cited above.
Basidiocarp sessile, single, annual; pileus dimidiate, triquetrous to applanate, 75 x 60 mm in type specimen (up to 10 cm long and 2 cm thick in other specimens in fresh condition), margin thick and dull; pilear surface reddish brown, almost white near margin, glabrous, irregularly rough to almost smooth; tubes white, 5 mm deep in type; pore surface white, pores circular, 3-5/mm; context white, woody hard when dry (waxy and fragile with abundant semitransparent spots in fresh condition), up to 8 mm thick in type.
Hyphal system di-trimitic; contextual generative hyphae hyaline, thin to slightly thick-walled, with clamp-connections, 2-3.5 tum wide; contextual skeletal-binding
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Fig. 5. Perenniporia minutissima A) basidiocarps, B) section of basidiocarp, C) basidiospores, D) basidia, E) contextual generative hyphae, F) contextual skeletal- binding hyphae. from the neotype.
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hyphae hyaline, dextrinoid in mass, thick-walled, 2.5-5 um wide; tramal hyphae agglutinated; cystidia none; basidia 4-sterigmate, with a basal clamp, 20-30 x 9-12.5 uum; basidiospores ellipsoid, truncate at the apex, thick walled, hyaline, dextrinoid in Melzer's reagent, 10-13 x 6-7.5 um (Fig.5).
This species is remarkable within the genus Perenniporia by its waxy consistency of the context in fresh condition. Most collections seen so far have been made on Symplocos spp. Some specimens were also collected on Pinus densiflora. Microscopically the species comes close to P. ochroleuca (Berk.) Ryv. which however has rather small triquetrous perennial basidiocarps with a pale ochraceous upper side.neo-japonicum, Ganoderma Imaz., Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 1:37, 1939. Mt.Takao, Tokyo, Japan, Aug. 1935, leg. Y. Kobayasi (type, TNS- 200762).
This species is a member of the Ganoderma lucidum complex. For the time being, we prefer to keep it separate as Ganoderma neo- japonicum maz.
Basidiocarp laterally or occasionally centrally stipitate, annual; pileus reniform to dimidiate, applanate, margin thin and deflexed, 3-11 x 4-11 cm; pilear surface almost black, glabrous, laccate and shiny, radially ridged; tubes dark cinnamon, 0.2-1 cm deep; pore surface sordid white to cinnamon, pores angular to circular, 4-5/mm; context cream white near pilear surface, dark cinnamon near tubes, fibrous-corky, up to 7 mm thick; stipe erect, 9 cm long in type material (up to 27 cm long in other specimens), stipe surface black and laccate.
Hyphal system di-trimitic; contextual generative hyphae not seen in the type; context skeletal-binding hyphae pale yellow to brown, rarely to conspicuously branched, up to 7.5 um wide; tramal hyphae as in context; basidia not seen; basidiospores ellipsoid, truncate at the apex, pale brown, wall two-layered with inter-wall pillars between the layers, (8.5-)9.5-13 x 6-8 um.
The species is remarkable with its slender long spores, a black shiny basidiocarp, slender stipe and host range (always on coniferous trees). Coloured pictures are given in Imazeki & Hongo (1989) and Imazeki et al (1988).
nipponica, Daedaleopsis Imaz., Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 6:78, 1943.
Nikko, Tochigi, Japan, 7 Nov. 1938, leg. R. Imazeki (type, TNS - 208958).
= Daedaleopsis purpurea (Cke.) Imaz. & Aosh. as already indicated by Imazeki et al. (1966) where also a detailed description can be found.
In Japan, D. purpurea is common on hardwood especially on Prunus spp. The species is characterized by its regular pores and a multizonate, red to bay pileus surface. The latter character is shared with D. tricolor and D. styracina (P.Henn. & Shir.) Imaz. which however have lamellae, and lamellae or large irregular pores respectively. nipponicus, Polystictus Yasuda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 30:297, 1916.
Mt.Akagi, Kotsuke, Japan, 28 Sep. 1915, coll. K. Tsunoda (lectotype, selected here, TNS-201758, isotype in TFM).
= Trametes spp.
The type is thin, flabelliform and sterile and in general in bad condition. No reliable conclusion can be reached as to its true identity and the name should be dropped from consideration as a nomen ambigum.
Fig. 6 Trichaptum parvulus A) section of basidiocarp, B) section of hymenium with cystidia, C) cystidia, D) basidiospores. From the type.
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orientalis, Polystictus Yasuda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 32:135, 1918.
Sendai, Japan, 15 Sep. 1912, leg. A. Yasuda (lectotype, selected here, TNS-201876). = Trametes cfr. lactinea Berk.
Specimens called Trametes orientalis (Yasuda) Imaz. in Japan have often a grayish and glabrous pileus, different from the white to pale leather coloucsed pileus of T. lactinea, a species which is fairly widespread in Japan. Cultural studies are necessaryto verify if this is only a form of T. lactinea.
parvulus, Irpex Yasuda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 35:254, 1922.
Sendai, Japan, 1 Oct. 1916, leg. A. Yasuda (lectotype, selected here, TNS-203047, isotype in TFM). (Fig.6).
= Trichaptum parvulus (Yasuda) Hattori & Ryvarden comb. nov. Basionym as cited above.
Basidiocarp annual, resupinate, adnate but margin slightly lifted in dry condition, margin narrow to lacking; hymenophore ochraceous to pale brown with a distinct pale pink hue, irpicoid to hydnoid and crowded with flattened spines, 2-3 per mm, up to 1 mm long, subiculum 0.3 mm thick, dense and cartilaginous as the spines in dry condition.
Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae hyaline, with clamps, 2-4 um wide, skeletal hyphae dominating in the basidiocarp, hyaline, thick-walled to solid, 3-6 um wide, hymenial cystidia very abundant, ventricose to cylindrical, thick-walled and most of them with an apical encrustation, 10-15 x 4-6 lim; present also in the hymenium are skeletal cystidia arising deep in the central part of the spine as skeletal hyphae and bending into the hymenium as cystidia, often with apical encrustation; basidia not seen, spores hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, negative in Melzer's reagent, ellipsoid, 6-7 x 3 um. Type of rot unknown, on hardwoods, the type was collected on Lespedezia burgeri Mich. (Fabaceae).
Besides the type, also the following collection was examined: Japan, Chiba Prefecture, Kiyosumi Forest Sta, Tokyo University Forest. 24. August 1983. L. Ryvarden 20866 (O and TKB).
Maas Geesteranus (1974:493) has commented upon the status of this species and pointed out the resemblance to Steccherinum although he felt the structure and shape of the spines excluded the species from that genus. We feel that the species belongs in Trichaptum because of the irregular hymenophore, also seen in T. fuscoviolaceus, the cartilaginous consistency which is so typical for many Trichaptum species and numerous small ventricose to clavate apically encrusted cystidia, a feature seen in many Trichaptum species. The spores come close to those of T. byssogenus, but are slender and basidiocarps of that species normally are poroid and pileate and when resupinate, are pale umber brown, and have much larger pores which however may split. its configuration is thus grossly different from the species discussed here. purpureus, Irpex Yasuda ex Lloyd, Mycol. Writ. 5:715, 1917.
Mt.Iwaya, Iyo, Japan, 19 Oct. 1916, leg. M. Komatsuzaki (lectotype selected here, BPI -USO325519).
= Australohydnum dregeanum (Berk.) Hjorts. & Ryv. (basionym Corticium
42
Fig. 7. Ganoderma tsunodae A) basidiocarp, B) section of basidiocarp, C) basidiospores, D) contextual vegetative hyphae. From the lectotype.
43
dregeanum Berk., K!). For a detailed description of this species, see Hjortstam & Ryvarden (1990).pusilla, Coltricia Imaz. & Ysk. Kobayashi, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 7:42, 1966.
Kiyomizu, Kyoto, Japan, 18 Aug. 1991, leg. T. Hattori, (neotype, selected here TNS, isotype in TFM, O).
= Coltriciella pusilla (Imaz. & Ysk. Kobay.) Corner
This species is remarkable by its spatulate and laterally stipitate basidiocarp. For a detailed description, see Imazeki & Kobayashi (1966). A coloured picture is provided in Imazeki & Hongo (1989).
It should be noted that the macroscopical characters of this species are identical with those of the C. dependens (Berk. & Curt.) Murr., which however, has a pendent basidiocarp. Cultural studies are desirable to ascertain their status.
Morphologically we are convinced that they represent two independent species as no intermediate forms have ever been collected. Further, the upper surface of C. dependens is velutinous and usually with hairs on stipe in fresh condition, while it is glabrous and shiny in C. pusilla. The context in C. dependens is fibrous-spongy and very light in weight in dried condition while it is leathery in C. pusilla as for example in Coltricia cinnamomea.
sciurinus, Inonotus Imaz., Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 6:106, 1943.
Nikko, Totigi, Japan, 7 Nov. 1938, leg. R. Imazeki (type TNS- 206965, isotype in TFM).
= Inonotus flavidus (Berk.) Ryv. (basionym Polyporus flavidus Berk., K!).
The species is characterized by a thin black line in the duplex context, a thick tomentum, small cylindrical spores and presence of scattered hymenial setae. Besides Japan, it is widespread in the Himalayas.
sendaiensis, Polyporus Yasuda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 37:101. 1923. Sendai, Japan, 21 Sep. 1913, leg. A. Yasuda (type TNS, isotype in TFM).
= Pyrroderma sendaiense (Yasuda) Imazeki,
For a detailed description, see Imazeki (1966) and Ryvarden (1991) with a key to accepted species in the genus.
sendaiensis, Trametes Yasuda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 36:21, 1922.
Sendai, Rikuzen (Miyagi), Japan, 11 Aug. 1921, leg. A. Yasuda (lectotype, selected here, TNS, isotype in TFM).
= Datronia stereoides (Fr.) Ryv.
symploci, Trametes Yasuda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 37:84, 1923.
Bessho, Yahara, Prov. Hitachi (Ibaraki pref.) Japan, 17 Oct. 1918, leg. Y. Irie (lectotype, selected here, TNS)
As already pointed out by Yasuda himself in the original description (1923), this name is a later synonym of Perenniporia minutissima (Yasuda) Hatt. & Ryv. subumbraculum, Ganoderma Imaz. Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 1:38, 1939. Hane-yama, Koti, Japan, Sep. 1908, leg. K. Ogawa (holotype, TNS- 206977). The species is apparently a member. of the Ganoderma lucidum complex. This complex is in a taxonomic chaotic state, and thus, for the time being, we leave the species under
A4
Imazeki's name.
The species is known only from the type. The most striking character are the centrally stipitate basidiocarp, the light- coloured context with 3 layers, and the light weight in dried state. Fig. 7.
tabacinoides, Irpex Yasuda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 34:96, 1920.
Prov. Harima, Kashima-mura, Ibo-gori, 2 Aug. 1918, on Pasania cuspidata (Thunb.) Oerst. (= Castanopsis cuspidata (Thunb.) Schottky), leg. U. Ouye (Lectotype selected by Ryvarden (1982), TNS -204262).
= Hydnochaete tabacinoides (Yasuda) Imaz.
For a detailed description, see Ryvarden (1982).
tsunodae, Polyporus Yasuda ex Lloyd, Mycol. Writ. 5:792.
Ikeda, Kozuke, Japan, 8 July 1917, leg. K. Tsunoda, (lectotype selected here, BPI -US0307263).
= Ganoderma tsunodae (Yasuda ex Lloyd) Trott.
Basidiocarp sessile, single, annual; pileus dimidiate, flabelliform to spatulate, applanate, 3-12 cm long, 3-6.5 cm wide, 1.5-3 cm thick; pilear surface dark cinnamon to ochraceous, coarse, glabrous; tubes sordid white, up to 15 mm deep; pore surface white, pores round to angular, 4-5/mm; context white, fibrous-corky and very rigid when dry (watery-fibrous when fresh).
Hyphal system di-trimitic; contextual generative hyphae not seen in the type; contextual skeletal-binding hyphae hyaline, thick-walled to almost solid, occasionally to conspicuously branched; tramal hyphae as in context; basidia not seen; basidiospores ellipsoid to truncate, pale yellow, wall two layered with interwall pillars, 20-24 x 14-16.5 um (Fig.8).
This species is remarkable in Ganodermataceae with its white, watery context and large and yellow spores. Macroscopically it reminds remarkably about G. colossus (Fr.) Baker, which however has smaller spores (14-19 x 8-12 [1m).
Imazeki (1939) proposed Trachyderma for G. tsunodae. However, the generic name is illegitimate as a homonym of Trachyderma Norm. 1853 as pointed out by Ryvarden (1991). On the other hand, G. colossus is the type species of Thomophagus Murr. 1905. Thus, should it ever be desirable to place these two species in a genus of its own due to their loose and soft consistency, the latter name is available.
yamanoi, Cryptoderma Imaz., Forsch. Geb. Pflanzenkrankh. 4:176, 1951.
Iburi, Lakeside of Sikotu, on Picea jezoensis (Sieb. & Zucc.) Carrié, 10 Sep. 1948, leg. R. Imazeki (type, TFM-F-1134, isotype in TNS).
= Phellinus pini (Fr.) Quél., as already pointed out by Imazeki & Hongo (1989). Cerny (1985) concluded that Phellinus vorax (Hark.) Cerny is distinct from P. pini with a different ecological niche and morphology. If P. vorax is accepted as an independent species, C. yamanoi is a synonym of this species.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are most grateful to Professor R.L. Gilbertson for a critical review of the manuscript. Dr. Y. Doi, National Science Museum, kindly deposited some type
45
materials to Herbarium of For. & For. Prod. Res. Inst. (TFM). The curators of following herbaria are greatly appreciated for the loan of type materials and other specimens: National Science Museum (TNS), U. S. National Fungus Collections (BPI), New York Botanic Garden (NY), Royal Botanic Gardens (K), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (PC), Forest Research Institute, India (DD). T. H. is also grateful for Dr. R. L. Gilbertson, Univ. Arizona, for the loan of a recent collection of Melanoporia nigra.
REFERENCES
Aoshima, K. & Kobayashi, T. 1983: Wood-rotting fungi found in living Populus and Salix in Japan. Trans. 94th Mtgs. Jpn. For. Soc.: 545-546 (in Japanese).
Bakshi, B. K. 1971: Indian Polyporaceae, 244 pp, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
Bandoni, R., Oberwinkler, F. & Wells, K. 1982: On the poroid genera of the Tremellaceae. Can. J. Bot. 60:998-1003.
Cerny, A. 1985: Taxonomic study in the Phellinus pini complex. Ceska Mykol. 39:71-84.
Furukawa, H., Abe, Y. & Neda, H. 1983: List of fungi of Mt. Fujii. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 24:235-245.
Gilbertson, R. L. & Ryvarden, L. 1986 & 1987: North American Polypores Vol. 1 & 2, 885 pp, Fungiflora, Oslo.
Gross, H. L. 1964: The Echinodontiaceae. Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 24:1-26. Hjortstam, K. & Ryvarden, L. 1984: Some new and noteworthy Basidiomycetes Aphyllophorales) from Nepal, Mycotaxon 20:133-151.
Imazeki, R. 1935: Studies on Echinodontium Ellis et Everhart, J. Jap. Bot. 11:514-521 in Japanese with English descriptions).
Imazeki, R. 1943: The genus Grifola S.F.Gray. Polyporaceae of Eastern Asia I, J. Jap. Bot. 19:381-390 (in Japanese).
Imazeki, R. 1966: The genus Pyrrhoderma Imazeki, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 7:3-11. Imazeki, R. & Hongo, T. 1965: Colored illustrations of fungi of Japan, Vol.2, 149 pp, Hoikusha, Osaka (in Japanese).
Imazeki, R. & Hongo, T. 1989: Colored illustrations of mushrooms of Japan, Vol. 2, 315 pp, Hoikusha, Osaka (in Japanese).
Imazeki, R. & Kobayashi, Y. 1966: Notes on the genus Coltricia S.F.Gray, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 7:42-44.
Imazeki, R., Kobayasi, Y. & Aoshima, K. 1966: Fungi, in The flora of eastern Himalaya, pp 611-626, Univ. Tokyo, Tokyo.
Imazeki, R., Otani, Y.,& Hongo, T. 1988: Fungi of Japan, 623 pp, Yamakei, Tokyo (in Japanese).
Ito, S. 1955: Mycological Flora of Japan Vol.2, No.4 450 pp, Yokendo, Tokyo (in Japanese).
Keller, J. 1986: Ultrastructure des Parois Sporiques de Quelques Aphyllophorales, Mycol. Helvetica 2:1 -34.
46
Maas Geesteranus, R.A. 1974: Studies in the genera Irpex and Steccherinum. Persoonia 7:443-581.
Pegler, D. N. 1964: A survey of the genus Jnonotus (Polyporaceae, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 47:175-195.
Ryvarden, L. 1982: The genus Hydnochaete Bres. (Hymenochaetaceae, Mycotaxon 15:425-447.
Ryvarden, L. 1988: Type studies in the Polyporaceae 19. Species described by M. C. Cooke. Mycotaxon 33:303-327.
Ryvarden, L. 1990: Type studies in the Polyporaceae 22. Species described by C.G Lloyd in Polyporus , Mycotaxon 38:83-102.
Ryvarden, L. 1991: Genera of polypores, nomenclature and taxonomy, Syn. Fung. 5:1-363, Fungiflora, Oslo.
Ryvarden, L. & Gilbertson, R. L. 1993: European Polypores, part 1. Synop. Fung. 6:1-387. Fungiflora, Oslo.
Ryvarden, L. & I. Johansen 1980: A preliminary polypore flora of East Africa, 636 pp, Fungiflora, Oslo.
Ryvarden, L., Xu Liang-Wang, & Zhao Ji-Ding 1984: A note of the Polyporaceae in the Chang Bai Shan Forest Reserve in Northern China, Acta Mycol. Sin. 5:226-234. Thind, K.S. & Dhanda, R. S. 1980: The Polyporaceae of India XIII. Indian Phytopatol. 33:380-387.
Yasuda, A. 1923: Zwei neue Arten von Trametes, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 37:83 -85.
MY COTAXON
Volume L, pp. 47-59 January-March 1994
THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS RINODINA (LICHENIZED ASCOMYCETES, PHYSCIACEAE) CONTAINING PANNARIN IN EURASIA WITH A SPECIAL NOTE ON THE TAXONOMY OF RINODINA GRANULANS
Mireia GIRALT’, Helmut MAYRHOFER™ and Walter OBERMAYER~
“Department of Plant Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08071 BARCELONA, Spain.
Institut far Botanik, Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 GRAZ, Austria
ABSTRACT: Six species of the genus Rinodina with thalli and/or discs PD+ orange due to the presence of pannarin are hitherto recognized in Eurasia. One is saxicolous, R. santorinensis, and five are corticolous, R. dalmatica, R. efflorescens, R. excrescens, R. granulans and RA. pruinella. Notes on the taxonomy of A. granulans are provided. Descriptions and illustrations of this species and the also poorly understood A. excrescens are included. A key to the treated species is given. Other known species containing pannarin are briefly discussed.
INTRODUCTION
The treated species are specially characterized by the content of pannarin. This lichen substance is usually concentrated in the thallus, in the thalline exciple and/or in the epihymenium which appear entirely interspersed with irregularly shaped and sized crystals. These crystals are clearly visible under polarizing light and dissolve after treatment with PD forming reddish-orange acicular crystals.
Depending on several characters the treated species can be included in four different groups:
Rinodina efflorescens, R. excrescens and R. granulans are very closely related. They have in common the following characters: (1) pannarin as a principle lichen substance concentrated in the thallus, the thalline exciple and the epihymenium; (2) a well developed thallus, composed of scattered to
48
contiguous areolae, appearing as minute flattened squamules which dissolve into soredia or blastidia; (3) an epihymenium with a granular and PD+ orange epipsamma (pannarin); (4) thalline exciple reacting 1+ blue (5) asci of the Lecanora-type (HONEGGER 1978) and (6) ascospores of the Physcia-type with tendencies to the Milvina-type.
Rinodina dalmatica is separated from the first group only because of the Pachysporaria-type ascospores.
Rinodina pruinella differs from the species cited above in the following characters: (1) pannarin located only in the epihymenium. Atranorin constitutes the principle lichen substance; (2) thallus not composed of areolae and not developing vegetative propagules; (3) thalline exciple I- and (4) ascospores of the Dirinaria-type.
Lastly, Rinodina santorinensis s. \at. is distinguished by: (1) pannarin present only in the thallus and the thalline margin; (2) epihymenium PD-, without epipsamma and (8) habitat saxicolous and usually parasitic.
According to SHEARD (in lit.), the literature checked and our own investigations, other species hitherto described possessing pannarin but not present in the study area are: the saxicolous Rinodina murrayii H. MAYRHOFER, from Australasia, and the corticolous R. adirondackii H. MAGN., R. granuligera H. MAGN., AR. marysvillensis H. MAGN. and RA. thujae (H. MAGN.) SHEARD, all from North America. Complete descriptions of these species are given by MAYRHOFER (1983) and MAGNUSSON (1932, 1947b and 1953).
R. murrayii belongs to the same group that R. excrescens, R. granulans and R. efflorescens, but the thallus does not develop vegetative diaspores and is saxicolous. AR. adirondackii, like R. dalmatica, is separated by its Pachysporaria-ascospores, but its thallus does not develop vegetative propagules. R. granuligera and R. marysvillensis are closely related to R. pruinella but their ascospores belong to the Physcia-type.
We cannot exclude the possibility that other pannarin containing species may exist because the PD reaction was often not checked by other authors.
The terminology employed for the vegetative propagules follows that of POELT (1980), HAWKSWORTH et al. (1983) and Fox & PURVis (1992), for the ascospores MAYRHOFER (1982) and SCHEIDEGGER (1993) and for the asci HONEGGER (1978). For the identification of lichen substances the standardized methods for thin layer chromatography (TLC) were used (e.g. CULBERSON & AMMANN 1979).
KEY TO THE SPECIES
ta Saxicolous. 2 1b Corticolous or lignicolous. 3
2a Epihymenium PD-. Ascospores Pachysporaria-type with tendencies to Physcia-type, 14-22 x 7-14 um. Thallus parasitic or seldom autotrophic. Macaronesia and mediterranean region. R. santorinensis
2b Epihymenium PD+ orange. Ascospores Physcia-type, 16-22 x 10-13 um. Thallus always autotrophic. Australasia. (R. murrayii )
49
3a _ Thallus lacking of vegetative propagules, PD+ faint yellow. Ascospores Dirinaria-type, 15-25 x 7-13 pum. Maritime, southem mediterranean- atlantic. R. pruinella
3b Thallus sorediate or blastidiate, PD+ orange. Ascospores different. 4
4a _ Thallus sorediate. Soralia discrete, never forming a continuous leprose crust. Ascospores Physcia-type, 15-20 x 7-10 um. Oceanic, boreal and
suboreal. R. efflorescens 4b Thallus blastidiate. Blastidia forming a more or less continuous granulose-isidiose or leprose crust. 5
5a_Blastidia large, up to 60-80(-100) um diam., forming a granulose-isidiose crust (appearing subSquamulose). Ascospores Physciatype, 14-21 x 7,5- 11 um. Boreal, subboreal and mediterranean R. excrescens
5b Blastidia small, up to 30 um diam, forming a continuous leprose crust. 6
6a Ascospores Pachysporaria-type, when young with polygonal lumina, 17- 26 x 8-13 um. Maritime, mediterranean-atlantic. AR. dalmatica
6b Ascospores Physcia-type, when young never with polygonal lumina, 18- 25 x 10-14 um. Siberia. R. granulans
THE SPECIES 1) RINODINA DALMATICA ZAHLBR.
Osterr. Bot. Z. 51: 348 (1901); BOULY DE LESDAIN (1909: 170); HARMAND (1913: 902); MAGNUSSON (1947a: 313); GIRALT et al. (in prep.).
Type: Croatia: Dalmatia, "in peninsula Lapad prope Ragusa", 100 m, on Pinus halepensis, J. BAUMGARTNER (GZU, W, WU-isotypes).
Exs.: ZAHLBRUCKNER: Lich. rar. exs. 39 (GZU, W, WU).
Rinodina dalmatica is distinguished by the entirely blastidiate thallus forming a continuous leprose crust and the Pachysporaria-type ascospores, when young with typical polygonal lumina. It is unique amongst Rinodina species in having the latter feature.
Selected specimens examined: CROATIA: Dalmatia: Ragusa, Mte. Petka, 150 m, on Pinus halepensis, A. LATZEL (W). - GREECE: Korfu: Kerkyra, NW Ipsos, on Olea, 16-17.8.1970, J. POELT (GZU). - Peloponnes: Elis, Olympia, on Pinus halepensis, 14.4.1971, J. POELT (GZU). - ITALY: Latium: Roma, Tenuta di Caccia di Castel Porziano, SW Roma, 0-20 m, 8.5.1986, J. POELT (GZU). - PORTUGAL: Algarve: Sierra de Monchique, Caldas, Vale do Paraiso, on Olea europaea, 24.2.1946, C.N. TAVARES & L. SOBRINO (LISU). - Estremadura: Setubal, Mata do Reboredo, on Pinus halepensis, 14.5.1944, C.N. TAVARES (LISU).
50 2) RINODINA EFFLORESCENS MALME
Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 21: 251 (1927); MAGNUSSON (1947a: 229); HARRIS (1977: 129, as Rinodina sp. 1, according to SHEARD in lit.); COPPINS & JAMES (1979: 175); WITTMANN & TURK (1987: 394); DIEDERICH (1989: 204); ETAYO (1992: 192); Fox & PURVIS (1992: 548); TONSBERG (1992: 286); WIRTH (1990: 328); WONG & BRODO (1990: 364, 1992: 70); GIRALT et al. (1993: in press.).
Type: Sweden: Vastergotland, Habo, St. Karr, on old Fagus in a shady place, 1923, G.O. MALME (S - not seen).
Syn.: Rinodina hueiana (HARM.) OLIV., Bull. Acad. Internat. Geogr. Bot. 15: 211 (1905). - Lecanora hueiana HARM., Bull. Soc. Sci. Nancy, ser. 2, 15: 195 (1898); HARMAND (1913: 883). - non Rinodina hueana VAIN., Hedwigia 37: 38 (1898). - Type: France: Vosges, "en montant au Ballon d'Alsace depuis Saint Maurice, sur un Bouleau, parasite sur le thalle vieux du Parmelia saxatilis", HARMAND (ANGUC - not seen).
Discussion: The incorrectly spelled epithet hueiana [see recommendation 73C(c) of the |.C.B.N.] is only an orthographic variant of hueana and the combination Rinodina hueiana proposed by OLIVIER (loc. cit.) is a latter homonym of Rinodina hueana VAIN. DIEDERICH (1989) already listed R. hueiana as a synonym of R. efflorescens. WIRTH (1990) placed A. efflorescens in the synonymy of AR. hueiana without further comments. Because of the mentioned criteria R. efflorescens is the correct name of this species.
Exs.: Lich. sel. exs. Upsalienses 71 (GZU). The discrete soralia are diagnostic of R. efflorescens.
Selected specimens examined: AUSTRIA: Steiermark: Nordliche Kalkalpen, ca. 3 km W of GroBreifling, ca. 640 m, on Acer sp., 26.10.1990, J. POELT, J. HAFELLNER & E. LOPEZ DE SILANES (GZU). - BRITISH ISLES: Isle of Wight: Bortheood Copse, on Quercus, November 1977, F. Rose (BM). - Main Argyll: Seil, Ballachuan, Port Mor, on Sorbus aria, 5.8.1980, P.W. JAMES (BM). - East Sussex: Eridge Old Park, on old oak, June 1968, F. Rose & P.W. JAMES (BM). - FRANCE: South-Voges: Steinbach, Cernay, ca. 700 m, on Quercus petraea, 27.10.1968, V. WIRTH (STU). - GERMANY: Warttemberg: Neckar, Leonberg, Warmbronn, Stdckach, 440 m, 16.10.1988, V. WIRTH (STU). Baden, Sudschwarzwald, Schdnau, 600 m, 30.9.1971, V. WIRTH (STU). - SPAIN: Navarra: Belabarce, 1100 m, on Fagus sylvatica, 25.7.1987, J. ETAYO 3313 (Etayo).
3) RINODINA EXCRESCENS VAIN.
Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A, 27: 84 (1928); MAGNUSSON (1947a: 237); GIRALT et al. (1993: 711).
Type: Siberia :"Sibiria Occidentali, Konda, ad lignum putridum in pineto prope Leunsk", 1880, E. VAINIO (TUR-V 08798-holotype).
51
Thallus (Figs. 1c; 2a,b) crustaceous composed of scattered to contiguous areolae. Areolae light grey to grey brown, plane to bullate, 0,1-0,5 mm diam., with the appearance of minute sublobate squamules, becoming more or less confluent, mostly developing ascending blastidia. Blastidia large, 60-100 um diam., scattered or confluent and then forming a continuous granulose-isidiose crust, concolorous with areolae. Apothecia (Figs. 1c; 2a) rare, sessile, scattered or contiguous, up to 1 mm. Thalline margin concolorous with thallus, at first thick, entire and prominent, becoming thinner and flexuose, often partially excluded. Disc plane, rarely convex, brown, slightly pruinose. Proper margin often visible as a ring within the thalline margin. Excipulum thallinum up to 80 pum laterally, expanded to 100-110 zm below, I+ blue, inspersed with crystals of pannarin. Cortex cellular, 15-20(-40) um laterally, expanded to 40-60 um below, cells thin-walled. Excipulum proprium 10-15 ym laterally, expanded to 25-40 ym above. Epihymenium reddish-brown, with a granular and PD+ orange epipsamma. Hymenium (60-)80-100 um high. Hypothecium colourless 40-110 jum deep. Paraphyses ca. 1,5-2 um wide, apices capitate, 2,5-3,5 um wide. Asci 8-spored, Lecanora-type. Ascospores (Figs. 2c-e) Physcia-type, (15-)17- 19(-21) x (7,5-)9-10(-11,5) zm, smooth (Someones when overmature minutely warted), constricted at the septum, with a well developed torus (Fig. 2e). Spermatia not seen.
Chemistry. Thallus K+ yellow and PD+ orange; pannarin and atranorin by TLC.
DISCUSSION: This species is characterized by the thallus composed of discrete to contiguous areolae which partially develop ascending blastidia (isidia-like) and form a more or less continuous granulose-isidiose (appearing subsquamulose) crust (Fig. 2a-b). The large blastidia, up to 100 um diam., make this species morphologically distinct from its relatives.
Rinodina thujae (H. MAGN.) SHEARD, from North America, is closely related if not conspecific to R. excrescens. The holotype differs from the investigated specimens of A. excrescens exclusively in the areolae which do not build structures resembling blastidia (compare Fig. 1d and Fig. 2a-b). Another sample of RAR. thujae studied (WETMORE 32864) is somewhat intermediate between both species, with some areolae developing blastidia-like structures (=ascending and sublobate margins). After the study of this sample, and without having seen the holotype, this species was mentioned in GIRALT et al. (1993) as a possible synonym of R. excrescens. The study of further North American material of R. thujae is necessary in order to solve its taxonomical position definitively.
HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Ainodina excrescens has hitherto been reported only from the type locality in West Siberia (VAINIO 1928, MAGNUSSON 1947a) and from Austria (GIRALT et al. 1993). According to SHEARD (in lit.) the record from North America reported by BRODO et al. (1987) and also cited in EGAN (1987) refers to another, undescribed Rinodina species.
Additional specimens examined: AUSTRIA: Steiermark: Gurktaler Alpen, Grebenzen, 6 km NW Neumarkt, 1 km NW Oberdorf, Dirnberger Hochmoor, ca. 980 m. on Juniperus communis, 20.1.1988, W. OBERMAYER 2587 (GZU, Obermayer). Weststeirisches Hugelland, zwischen Deutschlandsberg und
oe
Fig. 1. Type specimens of Rinodina granulans (a,b), R. excrescens (c) and R. thujae (d); a. R. granulans (white soredia) growing together with R. archaea agg. (3 apothecia). b. apothecium (arrow) of R. granulans. scale = 500 pm.
Fig. 2. Rinodina excrescens (OBERMAYER 2587). a. apothecia. b. blastidiate areoles. scale = 500 pm. c-e. ascospore ontogeny (Physcia-type ascospores). scale = 10 um.
54
Schwanberg, ca. 390 m, on Quercus robur, J. HAFELLNER 23250 & M.E. LoPEz de SILANES (GZU, Hafellner). - CROATIA, Insel Mijet, S Veliko Jezero, 0-30 m, on Pinus halepensis, 15.04.1979, O. BREUSS 954 (BreuB).
4) RINODINA GRANULANS VAN.
Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A, 27: 83 (1928)
Syn.: A. sibirica var. granulans (VAINIO) H. MAGN., Acta Horti Gothob. 17: 272 (1947a). - Type: Siberia: "Sibiria Occidentali, Konda, in saepimento ligneo loco umbroso ad Tumynvatsk", 1880, E. VAINIO (TUR-V-08799 - holotype)
Thallus (Figs. 1a-b) crustaceous, composed of scattered to contiguous areolae. Areolae whitish, whitish-grey, whitish-green or brownish, matt, plane or slightly convex (0,1-)0,2-0,3(0,5) mm diam., usually becoming confluent, with the appearance of minute squamules, dissolving completely into small blastidia. Photobiont trebouxioid, cells 7-12(-15) mm diam. Blastidia small, 15-30(-50) uum diam., confluent, forming a continuous leprose crust, whitish (in the holotype) or with a +dark brown tinge (in the other specimens examined), budding from the margins and surfaces of the areolae. Apothecia very rare, sessile or innate in a dense layer of blastidia, constricted at the base, up to 0,3 mm diam. (all of them are very young). Thalline margin persistent, smooth, concolorous with the areolae. Disc plane, reddish-brown. Excipulum thallinum 80-90 pm laterally, expanded to 130 ym below, |I+ blue, inspersed with crystals of pannarin. Cortex cellular, 10-15 um laterally, 30-50 um at the base, cells thin-walled. Excipulum proprium indistinct laterally, expanded to 30-50 um above. Epihymenium reddish-brown, with a granular and PD+ orange epipsamma. Hymenium 70-80 pm tall. Hypothecium colourless, + 100 um deep. Paraphyses 1,3-2 um wide, apices capitate, 2,5-4 um. Asci Lecanora- type. Ascospores Physcia-type with tendencies to Milvina-type, constricted at the septum, smooth, with a well developed torus, 18-25 x 10-14 um. Spermatia not seen.
Chemistry. Thallus K+ faint yellow and PD+ orange; pannarin by TLC.
DISCUSSION: In the sample of the holotype of A. granulans there are two Rinodina species growing together (Fig. 1a). One species has a thallus consisting of discrete to contiguous areolae dissolving completely into small blastidia and forming a continuous leprose crust. This thallus contains pannarin (PD+ orange) and includes only very few apothecia, mostly very young and hidden between the blastidia. The excipulum thallinum is I+ blue and entirely inspersed with crystals PD+ orange (pannarin); the epihymenium is covered with a granular epipsamma, not dissolving in K and also PD+ orange; and the ascospores are Physcia-type, with tendencies to Milvina-type, with walls irregularly thickened.
The second species has a thin, smooth and continuous thallus without positive reactions. The apothecia are abundant and very well developed. The excipulum thallinum is l- and without any crystals; the epihymenium is covered with a coarsely granular epipsamma dissolving in K and PD-; and the
55
ascospores are Physconia-type, 18-21 x 85-10 um, with uniform walls (SCHEIDEGGER 1993). This species belongs to the Rinodina archaea group. VAINIO's original description includes characters of both species. Whereas the description of the thallus is based on the first species: "Thallus verruculoso- rugulosus, ....... verruculis dispersis aut contiguous, p. p. soredioso- fatiscentibus, farinosam confluentibus ...... ", the description of the apothecia fits with the second one: "Apothecia in partibus minus sorediosis thalli sat crebre evoluta..... Margine tenui, integro.... Excipulum. ..... , jodo non reagens..... Sporae long 0,017-0,021, crass 0,09-0,011 mm, membrana sat aequaliter incrassata......".
According to the I|.C.B.N. (art. 9.2, rec. 7B) we choose the species characterized by an entirely blastidiate and PD+ orange thallus and Physcia- type ascospores, as the lectotype of A. granulans.
Rinodina granulans is characterized by its small blastidia (soredia-like) forming a continuous, +brownish leprose crust and its Physcia-type ascospores grading into the Milvina-type. Apothecia were observed only in the type material (Fig. 1b).
HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Rinodina granulans seems to be a widely distributed and quite common species in Siberia where it grows mostly on lignum and on small dry twigs, more seldom on smooth bark, associated with other lignicolous species such as Rinodina archaea agg., Candelariella vitellina, Lecanora symmicta and L. varia. Other associated species are: Melanelia olivacea coll., M. exasperatula, Parmelia sulcata, Xylographa_parallela, Cyphelium tigillare, Hypocenomyce scalaris, Calicium salicinum and Caloplaca cerina.
Additional specimens examined: SIBERIA: Jenisejsk, Nasimova, on lignum, 28.6.1876, M. BRENNER (S). Jenisejsk, near the city of Jenisejsk, on lignum, 21.6.1876, M. BRENNER (S). Jenisejsk, Verst, N of Jenisejsk, on old cortex of Prunus padus, 26.6.1876, M. BRENNER (S). Jenisejsk, Novo Sjolovskoje, on lignum, 26.9.1876, M. BRENNER (S). Jenisejsk, Troitskij Klosterdorf, on lignum, 13.7.1876, MM. BRENNER (S). Jenisejsk, Potkamina Tanguska, on lignum, 28.9.1876, M. BRENNER (S). Jenisejsk, Asinovo, on dry twigs, 4.7.1876, M. BRENNER (S). Jenisejsk, Vorogova. on lignum, 30.9.1876, M. BRENNER (S). Tobolsk, Kalimski, on lignum, dry twigs and Betula sp., 31.5.1876, M. BRENNER (S). Tomsk, Timskaja, on dry twigs, 1.6.1876, M. BRENNER (S).
5) RINODINA PRUINELLA BAGL.
Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 11: 79 (1879); complete information about this species is given by GIRALT & MAYRHOFER (1994). Type: Italy: Sardinia, Giorgino iuxta Cagliari, on Ficus carica CANEPA (MOD-
holotype). Exs.: SAMPAIO: Lich. de Portugal 192 (M, UPS).
56
Pannarin located only in the epihymenium, together with the thallus lacking of vegetative diaspores and K+ yellow (atranorin) and the Dirinaria-type ascospores, are diagnostic for this species.
Among the species containing pannarin, R. pruinella and the North American R. granuligera and R. marysvillensis are unique in having this substance concentrated only in the epihymenium rather than in the thalline and other apothecial tissues. This feature easily separates these taxa from their relatives. R. granuligera and R. marysvillensis cannot be mistaken for R. pruinella because of their Physcia-type ascospores (see below).
The examined specimens are listed in GIRALT & MAYRHOFER (1994)
6) RINODINA SANTORINENSIS J. STEINER s. lat.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges., Wien 69: 55 (1919); a complete information about this species is given by MAYRHOFER et al. (1993).
Type: Greece: Santorin Island, between Thira and Pyrgos, 4.1911, R. WETTSTEIN (W-lectotype).
Exs.: FOLLMANN: Lich. sel. exs. 219 (B, GZU, H, LD, W, as A. confragosa). - Plantae Graecenses, Lich. 504 (GZU). - VEZDA: Lich. rar. exs. 39 (ANUC, BM, DUKE, GZU, H, HO, M, PRM, STU, TSB, UPS, VBI, Kalb, Lumbsch and Vezda).
Rinodina santorinensis and the Australasian R. murrayii are the only saxicolous species hitherto known containing pannarin. For this reason the latter is also mentioned in the key. The PD- and I- reactions at the epihymenium and excipulum level, respectively, distinguish R. santorinensis not only from R. murrayii but also from the other treated species. On the other hand, the epihymenium lacking pannarin and the Pachysporaria-type ascospores show that R. santorinensis is more closely related to R. beccariana and to the corticolous R. roboris (MAYRHOFER et al. 1993) than to the taxa treated in this contribution.
The specimens examined are listed in MAYRHOFER et al. (1993).
OTHER RINODINA SPECIES CONTAINING PANNARIN NOT PRESENT IN THE STUDY AREA
Rinodina adirondackii H. MAGN., Bot. Not.: 48 (1947b). - Type: U.S.A.: New York, Adirondack Mountains, Chapel Pond, near St. Huberts, 1600ft, on cedar in gully, 1933, J.L. Lowe (UPS-holotype, not seen).
This species is distinguished by the thallus lacking vegetative propagules and the large Pachysporaria-type ascospores, 21-35 x 15-21 gum. Ainodina dalmatica and R. santorinensis possess the same ascospore-type but in both species those are smaller. Furthermore R. dalmatica has a blastidiate thallus and A. santorinensis is saxicolous.
SA
Distribution: Limited to America's northeastern states, Ontario and Quebec (SHEARD in lit). No specimen belonging to this species has been investigated. All information was provided by Dr.Sheard (Saskatoon).
Rinodina granuligera H. MaGun., Bot. Not.: 35 (1947b). - Type: U.S.A.: Florida, Sanford, on trees, 1909, RAPP (UPS-holotype, not seen).
Pannarin located only in the epihymenium, together with the thallus lacking vegetative diaspores, K+ yellow (atranorin) and the Physcia-type ascospores of 15-18 x 6,5-8,5 um, distinguish this species from its relatives (see also A. pruinella).
Distribution: Southern and Eastern North America (SHEARD in lit.).
Specimens examined: U.S.A.: Louisiana: Baton Rouge, N of Terrebonne- Lafourche parish line on road 309, west of Thibodaux, on Salix, 11.10.1980, S.C. TUCKER (GZU). 4,7 miles n-NE of Chipola, on gravel road (Parrish road 1044), hardwood forest in ravine, 8.3.1973, S.C. TUCKER 11101B (Sheard). West Side of lake Bistineau, on dirt road parallel to lake edge, immature mixed Pinus sp.- Quercus ilex forest, 26.5.1973, S.C. TUCKER (Sheard).
Rinodina marysvillensis H. MAGN., Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 5: 31 (1932). - Type: U.S.A.: Washington, Marysville, on Salix bark, 1927, GRANT (UPS-holotype). The same characters cited for R. granuligera distinguish R. marysvillensis from the treated species. Both species are closely related but they can be mainly separated by the different ascospore size and shape being for R. marysvillensis larger [(16-)18-22 x (8-)10-11(-13) um] and more broadly ellipsoid. Their distribution it is also markedly different (see also AR. granuligera and R. pruinella).
Distribution: Western North America (SHEARD in lit.).
Additional specimens examined: U.S.A.: California: Amador Co., on Alnus rhombifolia, riparian woodland along Sutter Creek between Sutter Creek and Volcano, ca. 2000 ft. alt, 15.3.1975, W.A. WEBER (SHEARD, aS WEBER: Lich. exs. 474). San Francisco Co., San Francisco, Lands End, NE of Santa Cruz Peninsula, on Alnus rubra, 25.6.1974, |.M. BRoDO 20481 & R.M. BROWN (CANL).
Rinodina murrayii H. MAYRHOFER, Lichenologist 15(3): 273 (1983). - Type: New Zealand: South Island, Otago, Lee Stream Valley south west of Dunedin, 2 km north of Lee Stream School, ca. 490 m, 23.9.1981, H. MAYRHOFER 2199 (GZU-holotype; CHR, OTA-isotypes).
The saxicolous habitat together with the Physcia-type ascospores make this species distinct from its relatives (see R. santorinensis).
Distribution: New Zealand and Australia (MAYRHOFER 1983, 1984).
The specimens examined are listed in MAYRHOFER (1983).
Rinodina thujae (H. MAGN.) SHEARD, Bryologist 90: 164 (1987); A. marysvillensis var. thujae H. MAGN., Bot. Not.: 192 (1953).- Type: U.S.A:: Wisconsin, Villas Co. Eagle River on Thuja occidentalis, 1946, J.W. THOMSON 2122 (UPS-holotype).
58
Only the larger areolae which do not dissolve into blastidia or soredia distinguish this species from the closely related R. excrescens and R. granulans (see comments made for these taxa).
Distribution: Great Lakes States and Canada (SHEARD in lit.).
Additional specimens examined: U.S.A.: Minnesota, St. Louis Co., Voyageurs National Park, 11.6.1978, C.M. WETMORE 32864 (MIN).
We are indebted to the directors and keepers of the following herbaria: BM, CANL, GZU, LISU, MIN, S, STU, TUR, W and WU; to Dr. O. BREuss (Vienna), Dr. J. ETAYO (Navarra) and Dr. J. HAFELLNER (Graz) who kindly lent us their private collections; to Mag. M. MATZER (Graz) for selecting specimens in BM; to Prof. Dr. J.W. SHEARD (Saskatoon) for his valuable information and comments on some specimens as well as for the loan of some specimens and correcting the English text and to Prof. Dr. J. POELT (Graz) for critical revision of the manuscript. The second author (H. MAYRHOFER) was supported by the Fonds zur Forderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Projekt P8500-BIO).
REFERENCES
BouLy DE LESDAIN, M. (1909). Notes lichénologiques IX. - Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57: 170-175.
BRODO, |.M., NOBLE, W.J., AHTI, T. & CLAYDEN, S. (1987). Lichens new to North America from the flora of British Columbia, Canada. - Mycotaxon 28: 99- 110.
CopPINs, B.J. & JAMES, P.W. (1979). New or interesting British lichens IV. - Lichenologist, 11: 139-179.
CULBERSON; Ch.F & AMMANN, K. (1979). Standardmethode zur Dunnschichtchromatographie von Flechtensubstanzen. - Herzogia 5: 1-24. DIEDERICH, P. (1989). Les lichens epiphytiques et leurs champignons lichénicoles (Macrolichens exceptes) du Luxembourg. - Travaux Scient.
Musée National Hist. Natur. Luxembourg 16: 1-268.
EGAN, R.S. (1987). A fifth checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. - Bryologist 90: 77- 173.
Etayo, J. (1992). Liquenes epifitos de Navarra: el género Rinodina. - Actes Simp. Int. Bot. Pius Font i Quer. 1988. vol.1. Criptogamia: 191-193.
Fox, B.W. & Purvis, O.W. (1992). Rinodina (Ach.) Gray (1821). - In: PURvis, O.W., COPPINS, B.J., HAWKSWORTH, D.L., JAMES, P.W. and Moore, D.M. (eds.), The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland.- Natural History Museum Publications and the British Lichen Society. London.
GIRALT, M. & MAYRHOFER, H. (1994). Four corticolous species of the genus Rinodina (lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae) containing atranorin in southern Europe and adjacent regions. - Nova Hedwigia (in press).
GIRALT, M., OBERMAYER, W. & MAYRHOFER, H. (1993). Rinodina poeltiana spec. nov. (lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae), a new blastidiate species from Austria. - Herzogia 9: 709-714.
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GIRALT, M., MAYRHOFER, H. & SHEARD, J.W. (in prep.). The corticolous and lignicolous sorediate, blastidiate and isidiate species of the genus Rinodina (lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae) in Southern Europe.
HARMAND, J. (1913). Lichens de France. Catalogue systématique et descriptif. - Librairie des Sciences Naturelles Paul Klincksieck. Paris.
HARRIS, R.C. (1977). Lichens of the Straits Counties, Michigan. - University of Michigan Herbarium (mimeographed).
HAWKSWORTH, D.L., SUTTON, B.C. & AINSWORTH, G.C. (1983). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the fungi. 7 Ed. - C.A.B. Kew, Surrey.
HONEGGER, R. (1978). The ascus apex in lichenized fungi |. The Lecanora-, Peltigera- and Teloschistes-types. - Lichenologist 10: 47-67.
MAGNUSSON, A.H. (1932). Lichens from western North America, mainly Washington and Alaska. - Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 5: 16-38.
MAGNUSSON, A.H. (1947a). Studies in non-saxicolous species of Rinodina mainly from Europe and Siberia. - Acta Horti Gothob. 17: 191-338.
MAGNUSSON, A.H. (1947b). On North American, non saxicolous species of the genus Rinodina. - Bot. Not.: 32-54.
MAGNUSSON, A.H. (1953). New lichens mainly Rinodina species from U.S.A. - Bot. Not.: 187-196.
MAYRHOFER, H. (1982). Ascosporen und Evolution der Flechtenfamilie Physciaceae. - J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 52: 313-321.
MAYRHOFER, H. (1983). The saxicolous species of Rinodina in New Zealand. - Lichenologist 15: 267-282.
MAYRHOFER, H. (1984). The saxicolous Species of Dimelaena, Rinodina and Rinodinella in Australia. - Beih. Nova Hedwigia 79: 511-536.
MAYRHOFER, H., MATZER, M., SATTLER, J. & EGEA, J.M. (1993). A revision of the Atlantic-Mediterranean Rinodina beccariana and related taxa (lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae). - Nova Hedwigia 57: (in press).
PoELT, J. (1980). Physcia opuntiella spec. nov. und die Lebensform der Sprossenden Flechten. - Flora 169: 23-31.
SCHEIDEGGER, Ch. (1993). A revision of saxicolous species of the genus Buellia De Not. and formerly included genera in Europe. - Lichenologist 25. (in press).
TO@NSBERG, T. (1992). The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway. - Sommerfeltia 14: 1-331.
VAINIO, E.A. (1928). Enumeratio Lichenum in viciniis fluminis Konda (circ. 60° lat. Bor.) in Sibiria occidentali crescentium. - Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A, 27(6): 65-122.
WITTMANN, H. & TURK, R. (1987). Zur Flechtenflora Oberdsterreichs - Neue und bemerkenswerte Flechten und Flechtenparasiten. - Linzer Biol. Beitr. 19(2): 389-399.
WIRTH, W. (1990). Neufunde von Flechten in Baden-Wiurttemberg und anderen Regionen Deutschlands. - Herzogia 8: 305-334.
Wona, Y.P. & BRODO, I.M. (1990). Significant records from the lichen flora of southern Ontario, Canada. - Bryologist 93(3): 357-367.
Wonca, Y.P. & BRODO, I.M. (1992). The lichens of Southern Ontario, Canada. - Syllogeus 69: 1-79.
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Volume L, pp. 61-72 January-March 1994
SYSTEMATIC AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIESIN THE BALANSIEAE AND RELATED ANAMORPHS. VIII. THEEPHELIS ANAMORPH OF BALANSIA EPICHLOE.
RYAN A. PHELPS and GARETH MORGAN-JONES
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
ABSTRACT
The development and morphology of the Ephelis state of Balansia epichloe (Weese) Diehl on the adaxial surface of leaves of Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees are described. Differences between the conidiomata of this and those of some other Balansia anamorphs are noted. A formal taxonomic description is presented.
INTRODUCTION
As discussed previously (Phelps et al., 1993b), Ephelis conidiomata of Balansia species vary considerably in morphology, ranging from effuse and ill- defined to distinctly hysteriform or apothecoid. Such structures have been variously referred to as being pycnidial, sporodochium-like, patellate, or cupulate (Diehl, 1950; Ullasa, 1969). Whatever their form, the conidiomata are produced on primary stromata of diverse thicknesses, the latter prosenchymatous to pseudoparenchymatous in texture and developing superficially on host plant surfaces. Primary stromata of the various species differ morphologically, depending upon the plant part on which they are produced. Generally, when occurring on culms as in Balansia aristidae (Atk.) Diehl, a pathogen of Aristida spp. (Phelps et a/., 1993a), and especially on leaves as in Balansia epichloe, anamorph stromata are flat and effuse. When associated with inflorescences, as in Balansia cyperi Edg. on Cyperus spp. and Atkinsonella hy poxylon (Peck) Diehl on Danthonia spicata (L) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult., Ephelis conidiomata are often borne on somewhat pulvinate or cushion-like stromata and are cupulate or patellate in form (Diehl, 1950; Rykard et al., 1984; Leuchtmann and Clay, 1988).
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series Number 18-933559
62
Primary stromata formed on leaves, such as those of Balansia epichloe and B. henningsiana (Moell.) Diehl, originate from hyphae egressing between epidermal cells or through stomata (Phelps et a/., 1993c), and are usually thin, diffuse, often extending and spreading some distance over the surface. These two species, each of which occurs on a number of grass hosts, have often been confused, but differ in that they form ascostromata that are epiphyllous and hypophyllous, respectively. Balansia henningsiana occurs commonly in the southern United States on species of Andropogon L., and Panicum L. (Diehl, 1950). Balansia epichloe has a similar geographical distribution and a host range including species of Eragrostis Wolf, Panicum, and Sporobolus R. Br. (Diehl, 1950).
In B. epichloe, hyphal egress through the adaxial leaf surface occurs predominantly between epidermal cells and bulliform cells of the longitudinal grooves (Phelps, et al., 1993c). At first, external hyphal proliferation occurs primarily along the length of the longitudinal grooves proximal to the sites of egress. This gives rise to a number of dense, linear mycelial mats in the grooves, interconnected by sparse hyphae overlying the costal regions. Eventually the primary stroma extends more or less evenly over the affected portion of the leaf surface. The Ephelis anamorph is formed from this stroma.
Rykard et al. (1984) briefly described the conidiomata of Atkinsonella hypoxylon and several Balansia species, including B. epichloe and B. henningsiana. Species were found to differ in a number of characteristics, including extent of fertile conidiophore palisade development, thickness and persistence of overlying stromal tissue, presence or absence of distinguishable peripheral excipular tissue and spatial relationship of primary and secondary perithecial stromata. In B. henningsiana, collected in Georgia on Andropogon virginicus L., conidiomata were found to develop from long, narrow, thin, white primary stromata formed on either or both sides of the midrib on the adaxial leaf surface (Rykard et al., 1984). Palisades of conidiophores were reported to develop in well-defined, irregular, hysteriform "structures" scattered on the stroma surface before the leaf blade expanded. Perithecial stromata were formed on the abaxial surface of the leaf blade opposite the conidial stromata. Diehl (1950), in describing the ephemeral anamorph of B. henningsiana, made no mention of occurrence on the upper leaf surface but noted that the stromata were found on the abaxial surfaces of unrolling leaves. He referred to the stroma as a "hypothallus". The conidiomata of B. henningsiana were described as being linear to hysteriform, with thin, evanescent exciples.
PLATE 1. Leaf segments of Eragrostis capillaris showing dark Ephelis conidiomata of Balansia epichloe on white, adaxially-borne primary stromata [X 5 to X 20]. A, young, more or less discrete, buff-colored fertile areas (indicated by arrowheads); B, older, coalescent conidiomata assuming a linear morphology; C-F, fully developed conidiomata; C, virtually covering entire stroma; D&E, oblong to hysteriform, separated by sterile stromal mycelium, with developing conidiomata (indicated by arrowheads) in close proximity; F, variously confluent, giving an irregular to long-linear aspect.
63
64
Conidiomata of B. epichloe occurring on Chasmanthium laxum (L.) Yates, were reported by Rykard et a/., (1984) to be in the form of irregular, hysteriform, coalescing locules bordered laterally by ridges of sterile tissue. When viewed in cross-section the fertile areas were described as having the appearance of saucer-shaped depressions in the stroma. Diehl (1950) noted that conidiomata of B. epichloe cover the so-called hypothallus as a whitish film that splits irregularly in elongate, subhysteriform, coalescing pycnidia. These were described as being partly separated by "the dissepiments of the surface layer as peridia".
As already noted (Phelps et a/., 1993b), Diehl (1950) madedifferences in conidiomatal and ascostromatal morphology the basis for recognition of two subgenera of Balansia, namely Eubalansia and Dothichloe. The first was characterized by possession of patellate or cupulate conidiomata with a well- defined margin or excipulum, the second by effuse or hysteriform, more irregular and less clearly defined, fertile areas. The utility of, and need for, these subgeneric taxa have recently been questioned (Morgan-Jones et al., 1992). Balansia is not a very large genus and its subdivision on this basis seems of doubtful value.
The anamorph genus Ephelis Fr., based on E. mexicana Fr., contains very few species although Ephelis states are known to be produced by most Balansia species currently recognized, including B. aristidae, B. strangulans and the others mentioned above. The affinity of the type species itself is uncertain (Diehl, 1950; Phelps et a/., 1993b). It could be the anamorph of either Balansia obtecta Diehl or B. claviceps Speg., probably the former. The binomial Ephelis mexicana must be considered a nomen dubium because it cannot be properly typified. Ephelis borealis Ell. & Everh. is the anamorph of Atkinsonella hypoxylon (Peck.) Atk. and E. trinitensis Cke & Massee the anamorph of B. claviceps. The status of Ephelis japonica P. Henn. and E. oryzae Syd. is also uncertain since there seems little difference between the two (Phelps et al., 1993b) and a teleomorph connection is not known for either.
Our collection and recent studies of several members of the Balansieae in the southeastern United States (Morgan-Jones and White, 1992; Morgan-Jones et al., 1993; Phelps et al/., 1993a, 1993b, 1993c) have been aimed at better understanding host-pathogen relationships and documenting in greater detail the characteristics of the respective fungi. The relationship between B. epichloe and Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees and E. elliottii was reported upon in part VII of this series (Phelps et al., 1993c). In the present paper, the development and morphology of the Ephelis anamorph of B. epichloe on leaves of E. capillaris are described.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Test plants used during these studies were collected and maintained as described by Phelps et al. (1993c). Leaf segments bearing ephelidial stromata at various stages of development were harvested and prepared for sectioning. Fixation, dehydration, infiltration, sectioning, and staining procedures were performed as described by Phelps et al. (1993a).
Ss
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FIGURE 1. Section
66 RESULTS Primary Stroma Development
As documented in a preceding paper of this series (Phelps et a/., 1993c), endophytic hyphae of Balansia epichloe grow systemically in host leaves, longitudinally for the most part, between cells of both vascular and ground tissue. Prior to stroma initiation, mycelium is relatively scattered and sparse. It is most commonly associated with vascular bundles, particularly those of the midvein. Primary stroma development and Ephelis anamorph production may occur on mature, fully expanded leaves or when young and concealed by enveloping leaves. Localized build-up of endophytic hyphae at a particular position along the leaf blade, usually toward the middle, lengthwise, immediately precedes initial hyphal egress. Stroma development follows at the same site. As the area of hyphal concentration spreads in both directions, concurrent egress from the adaxial leaf surface and stroma initiation occurs, both at first along longitudinal grooves (Plate 2, B-D). Hyphal build-up, egress, and stroma formation begin sequentially at the same locus, and subsequently spread up and down the leaf blade. Initially, most hyphae egress between cells of the longitudinal grooves. Small, parallel bundles of hyphae then grow linearly within these intercostal grooves (Plate 2, B-D), eventually filling and overflowing them (Plate 2, F). The stroma appears striate in its youngest stages due to concentration of the delicate hyphal network within longitudinal grooves (Phelps et a/., 1993c). In its final dimensions, the primary stroma may cover the width of the blade and extend appreciably in length (Plate 1, C). Eventually the dense, white, cottony stroma thickens, covering the entire width of the affected leaf surface area (Plate 1, A &D). When mature, the primary stromata assume a cream to very pale buff coloration and become more or less prosenchymatous in texture. Constituent hyphae tend to be more densely packed in the vicinity of longitudinal grooves.
Conidiomata develop at or near the surface of the stroma as elliptic to hysteriform to linear pustules (Plate 1, A-F). Conidiophores originate from hyphae occurring a short distance below the stromal surface. At first, the developing palisades of conidiophores are covered by thin wefts of hyphae which are soon disrupted, exposing the fertile areas. Conidiophore palisade primordia are initially scattered (Plate 1, A) but often become progressively longer and coalesce to form long, linear entities (Plate 1, B) following the subtending longitudinal leaf grooves where the stroma is thickest and there is a
PLATE 2. Portions of thin sections showing developing primary stromata of Balansia epichloe on adaxial leaf surfaces of Eragrostis capillaris plants. A, cross section showing young, loose stroma (s) developing above two leaf veins and in the longitudinal groove (indicated by arrowhead) between them [X 400]; B-E, cross sections showing young, loose stromata (s) and hyphae concentrated within longitudinal grooves (indicated by arrowheads); (hyphae egressing between epidermal cells indicated by arrows in D & E) [X 1000]; F, cross section showing part of a more mature primary stroma (s) filling a longitudinal groove [X 400].
68
preponderance of underlying, egressing hyphae. The palisades of conidiophores rest ona loose mat of hyphae (Plate 3, D-F) and are essentially acervuloid in aspect although the fructification is entirely superficial. When mature, the conidiomata have a concave, saucer-like form when viewed in cross section. Very young conidiomata are barely distinguishable from the surrounding sterile stromal areas but with the initiation of conidiogenesis become discernible as pale beige to very pale chocolate-colored patches (Plate 1, A). As conidiation progresses, and mounds of conidia accumulate, the conidiomata assume a dark, grayish-brown coloration. Conidiomatal coalescence and profuse conidium production sometimes result in most of the primary stroma becoming covered by dark masses of conidia (Plate 1, C). Under favorable conditions the fertile areas become distinctly pustular in appearance due to the superficial accumulation of conidial masses (Plate 1, D-F).
Taxonomic Description
Ephelis anamorph of Balansia epichloe (Weese) Diehl, USDA Agric. Monogr. 4:40, 1950.
Mycelium immersed in host leaf tissue, composed of hyaline, septate, smooth, branched, 1.5-2 pm wide hyphae, distributed predominantly in the vicinity of vascular bundles and immediately surrounding mesophyll. Hyphae egressing predominantly between epidermal cells (Plate 2, D & E) or through stomata. Primary stroma effuse to diffuse, especially toward the margin, superficial, thin, at first somewhat lanose (Plate 1, E), becoming felted, loosely prosenchymatous when mature, denser where close to the leaf surface, particularly in proximity to longitudinal grooves, up to 120 ym thick, up to 2.5 cm in length, 2-6 mm wide, white when young, cream to very pale buff when mature. Conidiomata eustromatic, as localized, undifferentiated, fertile areas originating closely beneath the stroma surface, ephemeral, erumpent from below a narrow layer of loosely interwoven hyphae, initially scattered, becoming gregarious or sometimes confluent, elliptic to oblong to hysteriform or long-linear in outline (Plate 3, D& F), acervular, saucer-shaped (Plate 3, D), bordered peripherally by a small cluster of closely appressed, vertically oriented, sterile hyphal cells as a rudimentary exciple (Figure 1), separated and bordered by sterile strips of the primary stromata, about 1 mm wide, of various lengths up to 1 cm. Conidiophores (Figure 2) micronematous, hyaline, smooth, septate, simple or branched, arranged in dense fascicles, formed from hyphae lining the base of the conidiomata. Conidiogenous cells long-cylindrical, discrete, terminal or lateral, attenuating slightly toward the distal end, straight or slightly flexuous, holoblastic, proliferating sympodially, indeterminate, giving rise to a sequence of a few conidia at the apex, 1-1.5 pm wide. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, narrowly fusiform, guttulate, more or less straight or slightly curved, thin-walled, smooth, obtuse at the apex, subtruncate at the base, (16)-18-(21) X 1 pm (Figure 2).
On a number of Poaceae genera, including Andropogon L., Calamagrostis Adams., Chloris Sw., Ctenium Panz., Eragrostis Wolf, Gymnopogon P. Beauv., Panicum L., and Sporobolus R. Br.; North, Central, and South America.
70
Collections examined: on Eragrostis capillaris, Auburn, Lee County, Alabama, August 1991, G. Morgan-Jones, AUA; on E. elliottii, Geneva County, Alabama, July 1991, R.A Phelps, AUA.
DISCUSSION
Although Balansia epichloe and B. henningsiana overlap in host range, both occurring on Andropogon scoparius Michx., Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P. and Panicum agrostoides Spreng. in the United States (Diehl, 1950), and are of broadly similar morphology, they are considered distinct species. Not surprisingly, their superficial resemblance has led in the past to their being regarded as a single entity. Ina key to species of Balansia, Diehl (1950) separated the two taxa on the basis of their fructifications being produced on opposite leaf surfaces; on the adaxial side in the case of B. epichloe, on the abaxial side in B. henningsiana. Hyphal egress can, however, apparently occur in both species from either leaf surface. Phelps et al. (1993c) reported outward passage of hyphae of B. epichloe between epidermal cells on the abaxial leaf in Eragrostis capillaris. Such hyphae do not continue to grow and give rise to primary stromata however. As already mentioned, Rykard et al. (1984) found the anamorph state of B. henningsiana formed on the adaxial surface of leaves of Andropogon virginicus. Ascostromata of the two species invariably occur on the different surfaces, in B. epichloe by conversion of the primary stroma and development of perithecial initials a short distance below the conidiophore palisade. From the account by Diehl (1950), and bearing in mind the observations made by Rykard et al. (1984), it seems that B. henningsiana can form primary stromata bearing conidiomata on either leaf surface but further investigation of this species on different hosts is required for purposes of confirmation.
The conidiomata of B. epichloe differ from those of species of Balansia having effuse stromata occurring on culms, such as B. aristidae (Atk.) Diehl (Phelps et a/., 1993b), in being much less well-defined and differentiated. The primary stroma of B. aristidae becomes melanized at or about the time of conidiomatal initiation and assumes a _ pseudoparenchymatous _ texture. Conidiomata originate as locules in the stroma, the palisade of conidiophores becoming exposed by a longitudinal split in the overlying tissue.
PLATE 3. Portions of thin sections showing developing primary stromata of Balansia epichloe on adaxial leaf surfaces of Eragrostis capillaris plants. A, oblique section showing bulliform cells (b), hyphae packed in longitudinal groove (indicated by arrowhead), and overlying stroma (s) [X 500]; B & C, cross sections showing Ephelis palisades (indicated by arrows) beginning to form on underlying primary stromata (s) [X 300]; D-F, different magnifications of a slightly oblique section showing a primary stroma (s) bearing a fully developed Ephelis conidioma (indicated by arrowheads) [D; X 150; E; X 200; F; X 400]. Underlying plant tissue includes bulliform cells (b) associated with a longitudinal groove, and vascular tissue (v) surrounded by dark bundle sheath cells.
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72
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Dr. Mary E. Palm, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, for her presubmission review of this paper. The research on which it is based was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (BSR-8922157).
LITERATURE CITED
DIEHL, W.W. 1950. Balansia and Balansieae in America. Agric. Monograph No. 4, USDA, Washington, D.C. 82 pp.
LEUCHTMANN, A. and K. CLAY. 1988. Atkinsonella hypoxylon and Balansia cyperi, epiphytic members of the Balansieae. Mycologia 80: 192-199.
MORGAN-JONES, G. and J.F. WHITE, JR. 1992. Systematic and biological studies in the Balansieae and related anamorphs. II. Cultural characteristics of Atkinsonella hypoxylon and Balansia_ epichloe. M ycotaxon 44: 89-102.
MORGAN-JONES, G., R.A. PHELPS and J.F. WHITE, JR. 1992. Systematic and biological studies in the Balansieae. I. Prologue. Mycotaxon 43: 401-415.
MORGAN-JONES, G., R.A. PHELPS and M.R. OWSLEY. 1993. Systematic and biological studies in the Balansieae and related anamorphs. VI. The teleomorph of Balansia aristidae. Mycotaxon49: 107-116.
PHELPS, R.A., G. MORGAN-JONES and M.R. OWSLEY. 1993a. Systematic and biological studies in the Balansieae and related anamorphs. IV. Host-pathogen relationship of Aristida purpurascens and Balansia aristidae. Mycotaxon 48: 165-178.
PHELPS, R.A., G. MORGAN-JONES and M.R. OWSLEY. 1993b. Systematic and biological studies in the Balansieae and related anamorphs. V. The Ephelis anamorph of Balansia aristidae. Mycotaxon 49: 91-105.
PHELPS, R.A., G. MORGAN-JONES and M.R. OWSLEY. 1993c. Systematic and biological studies in the Balansieae and related anamorphs. VII. Host-pathogen relationship of Eragrostis capillaris and Balansia epichloe. Mycotaxon 49: 117-127.
RYKARD, D.M., E.S. LUTTRELL and C.W. BACON. 1984. Conidiogenesis and conidiomata in the Clavicipitoideae. Mycologia 76: 1095-1103.
ULLASA, B.A. 1969. Balansia claviceps in artificial culture. Mycologia 61: 572-579.
MY COTAXON
Volume L, pp. 73-80 January-March 1994
A new species of Ascotricha with non-ostiolate ascomata
Shun-ichi UDAGAWAD, Shigeru UCHIYAMA2) and Seigo KAMIYA2)
1) Nodai Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156, Japan;
2) New Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Tsukuba Research Institute, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3, Ookubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-33, Japan
Abstract
Ascotricha distans, a new species with a Dicyma anamorph, is described and illustrated from soil in Japan. It is unique because of the production of non-ostiolate ascomata, few ascomatal hairs and evanescent asci, adaptive characters for its terrestrial habitat. The Dicyma anamorph is characterized by short conidiophores without sterile ampulliform processes, geniculate, rachis-like conidiogenous cells and pale, subglobose, almost smooth conidia.
Key Words Ascotricha , Dicyma, cleistothecial ascomycete, Xylariaceae, taxonomy, soil fungus
The genus Ascotricha Berk. now contains 9 accepted species, all of which have anamorphs classified in the form-genus Dicyma Boulanger (Hawksworth, 1971; Kulshreshtha et al., 1977; von Arx, 1981). Most species of Ascotricha are probably cosmopolitan in distribution, and are commonly isolated from cellulosic substrates (e.g. paper, wood, fabrics, plant debris, seeds, dung, etc.), particularly in tropical to subtropical regions (Hawksworth, 1971; Hanlin, 1990). The occurrence in soil suggests an active role in decomposing processes of cellulosic materials such as litter.
74
During our exploratory survey of soil-borne ascomycetes as producers of secondary metabolites useful to the pharmaceutical industry, an interesting member of Ascotricha was isolated from cultivated soil in a herbal plant garden, southern Kyusyu. The fungus superficially resembles A. amphitricha (Corda) Hughes (Hawksworth, 1971) in morphology of ascomatal hairs, but differs from it in producing non-ostiolate ascomata with few hairs and clavate asci, aS well as in its conidial characters. Recently, Valldosera and Guarro (1988) erected the monotypic genus Ascotrichella, which was considered as a transitional form of the Xylariaceae between Ascotricha and Coniochaeta (Sacc.) Cooke. Ascotrichella hawksworthii Valldosera et Guarro is characterized by short hairy ostiolate ascomata, cylindrical asci with a non-amyloid apical apparatus, discoid ascospores with a longitudinal germ slit and a Humicola-like anamorph. Our fungus distinctly differs from Ascotrichella hawksworthii in having long, distinct, smooth-walled hairs and a Dicyma anamorph. Thus, it is described as a new species of Ascotricha herein.
Ascotricha distans Udagawa, Uchiyama et Kamiya, sp.nov. Figs: Coloniae in agaro cellulosa restrictae, planae, tenues, ex mycelio vegetativo submerso et hyphis aeriis sparsis formantes, brunneo-griseae vel ferro-griseae; ascomata tarde producentia, nigra; conidiogenesis dispersa; reversum fumosum. Ascomata superficialia vel immersa, dispersa, non-ostiolata, nigra, nitida, globosa vel subglobosa, 70-120 um _ diam, paucipilosa; pili dimorphi: (a) longi, flagelliformes, atrobrunnei,
rigidi, simplices, 500-1000 x 2-2.5 um, basi 5-7.5 Um diam, angustati, leves, septati, raro cum ramis ampulliformibus instructi, (b) setiformes, saepe deminuentes, aseptati vel pauciseptati, abrupte angustati, ad apicem interdum cellula ampulliformi hyalina formantes; peridium olivaceo-brunneum, tenue, ex “textura
epidermoidea” compositum. Asci 8-spori, clavati, 30-42.5 x 7.5-10 uum, brevi-stipitati, evanescentes; paraphyses nullae. Ascosporae biseriatae, primum hyalinae, postremo valde olivceo-brunneae,
ovoideae vel ellipsoideae, compressae a latere visis, 5-6.5 (-7.5) xX
4.5-5 x 3-3.5 tum, leves, fissura germinali paratae. Status anamorphus: Dicyma sp.
Holotypus BF 39285, colonia exsiccata in cultura ex solo sativo, Kaimon-cho, Ibusuki-gun, Kagoshima, in Japonia, 28. 1x. 1992, a S. Uchiyama et S. Kamiya isolata et ea collectione fungorum, Musei et Instituti Historiae Naturalis Chiba (CBM) conservata.
Etymology: from Latin, distans=distinct, referring to the distinct characters of ascomata.
Fig. 1. Ascotricha distans, BF 39285. A. Ascomata; B. Portions of long ascomatal hairs; C. Seta-like short ascomatal hairs; D. Asci; E. Ascospores; F. Conidiogenous cells; G. Conidia.
be.
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Anamorphosis: Dicyma sp. Mycelium ex hyphis hyalinis vel dilute brunneis, ramosis, septatis, levibus, 1-2.5 um diam compositum. Conidiophora erecta,
ex mycelio basali vel hyphis aeriis oriunda; stipites 10-50 x 1.5-3 uum, leves, incrassati, septati, simplices vel apicaliter verticillate ramosi, basi olivaceo-brunnei, apicem versus gradatim pallescentes et angustati. Cellulae conidiogenae ex conidiophoro simplici vel ramis terminales, subhyalinae vel dilute brunneae, basi
ampulliformes vel elongatae, 8-12 x 3-4 tum, apice sympodice prolongatae, usque 20-50 um longae, 2.5 -3 tm diam, geniculatae. Conidia ex denticulis terminalibus successivis singulatim producta, hyalina vel dilute olivaceo-brunnea, subglobosa, 3.5-5 um diam,
vel obovoidea, 3-5.5 x 2.5-5 tm, levia vel parum asperata, ad basim cicatrice inconspicua affixa.
Holotypus BF 39285, loc. cit.
Colonies on cellulose agar growing restrictedly, attaining a diam of 10-12 mm in 14 days at 25°C, plane, thin, consisting of a submerged vegetative mycelium and sparse aerial hyphae, Brownish Grey (M. 6F2, after Kornerup and Wanscher, 1978) or Iron Grey (Rayner, 1970), later producing black ascomata on the substratum; conidiogenesis sparse; reverse Smoke Grey (R). Colonies on potato-carrot agar (PCA) growing rather restrictedly, attaining a diam of 17-19 mm in 14 days at 25°C, velvety, plane or slightly sulcate, consisting of a thin basal felt, Dark Green (M. 27F3) or Olivaceous Black (R), producing abundant ascomata covered by a dense overgrowth of conidia; reverse Greenish Grey (M. 27F2) or Olivaceous Black (R).
Ascomata superficial or sometimes immersed, often intermixed with profuse conidiophores, scattered, non-ostiolate, black, shining, globose to subglobose, 70-120 tum diam, with a few, long, straight or slightly flexed hairs on the upper part and several short ones the lower part; ascomatal hairs of two types: (a) long, whip- like, dark brown, rigid, unbranched, 500-1000 um long, basally 5-7.5 um wide, tapering and 2-2.5 tm wide throughout most of the length, smooth and thick-walled, septate, slightly swollen at the septum, rarely with short hyaline ampulliform branches, and (b) seta-like, often diminished, aseptate or few septate, abruptly tapering to a pointed tip or a hyaline ampulliform cell measuring 7.5-15 x 3-5 jm; ascomatal peridium olivaceous brown, thin, of textura epidermoidea; outer layer consisting of dark, thick-walled, irregular cells measuring 5-7.5(-12.5) 4m diam, and inner layer of hyaline, thin-walled, angular cells. Asci 8-spored, clavate, 30-
42.5 x 7.5-10 um (p. sp. 17.5-25 tm long), short-stipitate up to
7.5-12.5 um _ long, thin-walled, without apical structures, evanescent; paraphyses not observed. Ascospores biseriate, at first
1s 4
Fig. 2. Ascotricha distans, BF 39285. A, B. Asci, x 1200; C, D. Ascospores (SEM), x 2245(C) and
x 2500(D); E, F. Conidiogenous cells and conidia, x 1200.
78
hyaline, becoming dark olivaceous brown at maturity, ovoid to ellipsoidal, compressed when seen edgewise, 5-6.5(-7.5) x 4.5-5 x 3-3.5 um, rounded at both ends, smooth-walled, with a
longitudinal germ slit.
Mycelium consisting of hyaline to pale brown, branched, septate, smooth-walled, 1-2.5 tm _ thick hyphae. Conidiophores erect, arising from the basal mycelium or aerial hyphae; stipes
short, 10-50 x 1.5-3 tm, smooth and thick-walled, septate, unbranched or apically branched a few times in_ verticillate arrangements, olivaceous brown at the base, gradually paling and tapering towards the apex. Conidiogenous cells arising terminally from unbranched conidiophore or branches of the conidiophore, subhyaline to pale olivaceous brown, consisting of a flask-shaped
to elongate basal part, 8-12 x 3-4 Um, and a well-developed, denticulate rachis to 20-50 um long and 2.5-3 um _ wide, geniculate, with crowded, distinct, about 1 tm wide conidium- bearing denticles. Conidia acropleurogenous, produced sympodially on the denticle, hyaline to pale olivaceous brown, subglobose, 3.5-
5 um diam, or obovoid, 3-5.5 x 2.5-5 um, the walls smooth to faintly roughened, with an inconspicuous basal scar.
At 37°C, growth is nil.
Specimen examined: BF 39285 (holotype), in dried culture isolated from cultivated soil, herbal plant garden, Kaimon-cho, Ibusuki-gun, Kagoshima-pref., Japan, 28 Sept. 1992, col. S. Uchiyama and S. Kamiya. The holotype has been deposited with the Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Japan (CBM).
The genus Ascotricha is found in the earlier literature under the Chaetomiaceae (Ames, 1963). On the basis of the distinct neck on the perithecia, the smooth-walled terminal hairs, the amyloid plug in the asci, the prominent germ slit in the ascospores and the anamorphs close to Geniculosporium-Nodulisporium, it is distinguished from Chaetomium and now best included in the Xylariaceae (Hawksworth and Wells, 1973; Khan and Cain, 1977; von Arx, 1982; Eriksson and Hawksworth, 1991). Ascotricha distans is the first species of the genus known to produce cleistothecia, with few hairs and evanescent asci. As in the Ceratostomataceae, Chaetomiaceae Lasiosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae and Sordariaceae, particularly in species found in soil, such morphological adaptations are well-recognized by the result of a progressive evolution away from dispersal of ascospores by means of air currents. Although there are only a few examples in the Xylariaceae (Malloch and Rogerson, 1977), the convergence in the ascoma characters of A. distans is considered to be an adaptation to its terrestrial habitat analogous to those in other cleistothecial ascomycetes.
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The Dicyma anamorph of new species, is not entirely typical of Dicyma states of Ascotricha species as_ described by Hawksworth (1971) and von Arx (1982) on account of the absence of sterile ampulliform cells on the conidiophores. Of the known species of Dicyma (von Arx, 1982; Guarro and Calvo, 1983), D. pulvinata (Berk. et Curt.) von Arx (=Hansfordia pulvinata (Berk. et Curt.) Hughes) is most close to our fungus. Dicyma pulvinata differs from the fungus in having long, slender conidiophores with a_ well-developed branching system, conidiogenous cells with a very short rachis and somewhat larger conidia (Hughes, 1951; Tubaki, 1958; Ellis, 1971; Matsushima, 1975; von Arx, 1981).
We are grateful to Dr. Cannon, CAB _ International Mycological Institute, for his critical reading of the manuscript.
Literature cited
Ames, L.M. 1961 [1963]. A monograph of the Chaetomiaceae. Us SwvAnny: Res. “Dev; Ser. 2. 125p.
Arx, J.A. von. 1981. The genera of fungi sporulating in pure culture, 3rd ed. J. Cramer, Vaduz. 424p.
Arx, J.A. von. 1982. The genus Dicyma, its synonyms and related fungi. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. v. Wet., Amsterdam, SeriC. $5: 21-28
Ellis, M.B. 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew. 608p.
Eriksson, O.E. and Hawksworth, D.L. 1991. Outline of the Ascomycetes 1990. Syst. Ascomycet., 9: 39-271.
Guarro, J. and Calvo, M.A. 1983. Dicyma funiculosa sp.nov. from Spain. Nova Hedwigia, 37: 641-649.
Hanlin, R.T. 1990. Illustrated genera of Ascomycetes. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota. 263p.
Hawksworth, D.L. 1971. A _ revision of the genus Ascotricha Berk. Commonwealth Mycological Institute Mycol. Pap., 126: 1-28.
Hawksworth, D.L. and Wells, H. 1973. Ormamentation on the terminal hairs in Chaetomium Kunze ex Fr. and some allied genera. Commonwealth Mycological Institute Mycol. Pap., 134: 1-24.
Hughes, S.J. 1951. Studies on micro-fungi. IX. Calcarisporium, Verticicladium and Hansfordia (Gen. Nov.). Commonwealth Mycological Institute Mycol. Pap., 43: 1-25.
Khan, R.S. and Cain, R.F. 1977. The occurrence of amyloid plugs in the asci of Ascotricha erinacea. Mycotaxon, 5: 409- 414.
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Kornerup, A. and Wanscher, J.H. 1978. Methuen handbook of colours, 3rd ed. Eyre Methuen, London. 252p.
Kulshreshtha, D.D., Raychaudhuri, S.P. and Khan, A.M. 1977. Studies on some soil fungi associated with maize (Zea mays L.) 1. Three new Ascomycetes. Acta Bot. Indica, 5: 16-19.
Malloch, D. and Rogerson, C.T. 1977. Pulveria, a new genus of Xylariaceae (Ascomycetes). Can. J. Bot., 55: 1505-1509.
Matsushima, T. 1975. Icones microfungorum a Matsushima lectorum. Kobe, Japan. 209p. + 415 pl.
Rayner, R.W. 1970. A mycological colour chart. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew.
Tubaki, K. 1958. Studies on the Japanese Hyphomycetes. V. Leaf & stem group with a discussion of the classification of Hyphomycetes and their perfect stages. J. Hattori Bot. Lab., 20: 142-244.
Valldosera, M. and Guarro, J. 1988. Some _ coprophilous Ascomycetes from Chile. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc., 90: 601- 605.
MY COTAXON
Volume L, pp. 81-88 January-March 1994
TALAROMYCES SPECTABILIS, A NEW SPECIES OF FOOD-BORNE ASCOMYCETES
Shun—ichi UDAGAWA' and Shoji SUZUKI“
1 Nodai Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya- ku, Tokyo 156, Japan
2 Japan Food Research Laboratories, 52-1 Motoyoyogi-cho, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151, Japan
ABSTRACT
A new species of Talaromyces with a Pae- cilomyces anamorph, T. spectabilis Udagawa et S. Suzuki, isolated from heat processed fruit beverage in Japan as a contaminant and from road-side soil in Nepal, is described and il- lustrated. The fungus is characterized by fast growing, olivaceous brown colonies,white ascomata, large, almost smooth-walled, ellip- soidal ascospores, repeatedly branched coni- diophores and cylindrical to ovoidal conidia.
A variety of heat resistant fungi are often found in spoilage of fruit juices and other heat processed beverages. The contamination of these products is gener- ally caused by members of soil-borne ascomycetes such as Byssochlamys, Eupenicillium, Hamigera, Neosartorya and Talaromyces (Samson, 1989; Samson et al., 1992).
During a survey of mold spoilage of commercial beverages in our laboratory, a number of heat resistant fungi were isolated. Among these is a cleistothecial
ascomycete belonging to Talaromyces C, R. Benjamin (Stolk and Samson, 1972). Based on the presence of a Paecilomyces anamorph and its thermotolerant growth, it is classified in the section Emersonii (Stolk and Samson, 1972) of the genus but is clearly distinct from the two related spe- cies described hitherto. A description of the fungus is provided herein and a new name is proposed for it.
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Talaromyces spectabilis Udagawa et S. Suzuki, sp.nov. PLS cts
Coloniae in agaro '"Czapek-yeast extract (CYA)" effusae, velutinae vel funiculosae, planae sed in centro rugosae et sulcatae, ex mycelio basali coacto tenuiter constantes, olivaceo-brunneae-_—ive | viridi-olivaceae; ascomata nulla vel limitata; conidiogenesis profusa; reversum griseo-flavum vel olivaceo-bubalinum. Coloniae in agaro maltoso (MEA) effusae, velutinae vel funiculosae, planae, ex mycelio basali coacto tenuiter constantes, olivaceo-brunneae vel melleae vel viridi-olivaceae; ascomata tarde producentia sed abundantia, alba; conidio- genesis conferta; reversum incoloratum vel brunneo-auran- tiacum vel melleum. Coloniae in agaro farinae avenaceae effusae, velutinae vel plus minusve funiculosae, planae, ex mycelio basali coacto tenuiter constantes, olivaceo- brunneae vel viridi-olivaceae; ascomata tarde producentia, alba; conidiogenesis profusa; reversum dilute flavum vel primulinum.
Ascomata discreta vel interdum confluentia, non- ostiolata, tarde maturescentia, alba, globosa vel subglo- bosa, 100-350(-480) um diam, mollia, mycelio laxo stricto vel sinuoso stramineo incrustato obtecta; paries ex hyphis hyalinis vel dilute flavis ramosis septatis varie asperatis intricatis compositus. Asci. singulariter formantes, (4-)8-spori, subglobosi vel late ovoidei vel pyriformes, 10-14 x 10-12 um, brevistipitati, evanes-— centes. Ascosporae postremo stramineae, ellipsoideae, 5.5-7(-9) x 4-5.5 um, fere leves et incrassatae. Status anamorphus: Paecilomyces spectabilis.
Ubiquinona principalia: Q-9 et Q-10.
Holotypus SUM 3030, colonia exiccata in cultura ex potione pomo, Tokyo, in Japonia, xi.1992, a S. Suzuki isolata et ea collectione fungorum, Musei et Instituti Historiae Naturalis Chiba (CBM) conservata.
Etymology: from Latin, spectabilis=remarkable, refer- ring to the wide-spread growth on common media. Anamorphosis: Paecilomyces spectabilis Udagawa et S. Suzu-
ki, anam.nov.
Conidiophora ex mycelio basali vel hyphis aeriis oriunda; stipites hyalini, 25-240 x 4-6(-8) um, leves sed inferne manifesto asperati, septati. Penicilli complexi, verticillati vel irregulatim ramosi, saepe divergentes, interdum biverticillati vel monoverticillati. Rami 7-35 x 2.5-5(-7) um. Metulae 2-4 verticillatae, 8-10 x 2.5-3(-6) um. Phialides 2-8 verticillatae, 10-30 x 1.5-4 um. Conidia hyalina vel dilute flavo-brunnea, levia, pri-
Wt ?
= Vy U YF 7 ies () \ Gr
Figure 1. Talaromyces spectabilis, SUM 3030. A. Asci. 8. Ascospores. . Ascomatal initials. D. Conidiophor idiogenous cells. E. Conidia. F, Chlamydospo
UDAGAWA & SUZUKI
84
mum cylindracea, 4-7 x 1.5-2(-3) um, utrinque saepe trun- cata, postremo ovoidea vel ellipsoidea, 4-10 x 2-/ um, in catenis laxe columnaribus vel implicatis connexa. Status teleomorphus: Talaromyces spectabilis.
Holotypus SUM 3030, loc. cit.
Colonies on Czapek agar growing rapidly, attaining a diameter of 38-52 mm within 7 days at 25°C, velvety to more or less funiculose, plane, consisting of a thin basal felt, Olive Brown (M. 4D6, after Kornerup and Wanscher, 1978) or Honey to Citrine (Rayner, 1970); ascomata usually absent; conidiogenesis profuse; odor musty; reverse Greyish Yellow (M. 4C3) or Olivaceous Buff (R). Colonies on CYA growing rapidly, attaining a diameter of 65-75 mm within 7 days at 25°C, velvety to funiculose, plane but centrally wrinkled and sulcate, consisting of a thin basal felt, Olive Brown (M. 4E6) or Greenish Olivaceous (R); margins broad and submerged; ascomata absent or limited; conidiogenesis profuse; exudate limited, clear; odor strongly musty; reverse Greyish Yellow (M. 4C4) or Olivaceous Buff (R). Colonies on MEA spreading broadly, attaining a diameter of /4- 85 mm or more within 7 days at 25°C, velvety to funicu- lose, plane, consisting of a very thin basal felt, Olive Brown (M. 4D5-E4) or Honey to Greenish Olivaceous (R), with surface becoming dense-textured due to conidial growth; margins broad and thin; ascomata slowly develop- ing in an uneven layer beneath the conidial growth, numerous in number, white; odor musty; reverse uncolored to Brownish Orange (M. 5C4) or Honey (R). Colonies on oatmeal agar spreading broadly, attaining a diameter of 68 mm or more within 7 days at 25°C, velvety to more or less funiculose, plane, consisting of a thin basal felt, Olive Brown (M. 4E4) or Greenish Olivaceous (R); ascomata slowly developing on the felt, white; conidio- genesis profuse; reverse Pale Yellow (M. 1A3) or Primrose (R). Colonies on cornmeal agar growing rapidly, attain- ing a diameter of 60-62 mm within 7 days at 25°C, plane, thin, vegetative mycelium submerged, with surface bearing scattered conidia, Olive Brown (M. 4D5) or Honey (R); ascomata limited; reverse uncolored.
Ascomata discrete or sometimes confluent, non-ostio- late, maturing slowly within 30 days, white, globose to subglobose, 100-350(-480) um in diam, soft, loosely covered by straight or sinuous, straw-colored, encrusted hyphae; ascomatal wall rather rudimentary, consisting of a loose network of hyaline to light yellow, branched, septate, often constricted at the septum, variously
(INAGAWA & SIIZIIKT y)
Figure 2. Talaromyces spectabilis, SUM 3030. A. Asci. B. Ascospores. C, D. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. E. Conidiogenous Geblise inh:
Conidia. Scale bars for A, B, E, F=10 um and for Gacv=220'"uim,
85
86
roughened, interwoven hyphae measuring 2-4 um in diam. Ascomatal initials arising as coiled or contorted side branches of aerial hyphae, soon becoming surrounded by hyphae arising from the neighboring cells. Asci borne singly from fertile hyphae, (4-)8-spored, subglo- bose to broadly ovoidal or pyriform, 10-14 x 10-12 um, short-stipitate, evanescent. Ascospores' straw-colored at maturity, ellipsoidal, 5.5-7(-9) x 4-5.5 um, more or less roughened when young, almost smooth and thick-walled, without ridges.
Conidiophores arising from the basal mycelium or aerial hyphae; stipes hyaline, 25-240 x 4-6(-8) um, smooth- walled but distinctly roughened in lower part, septate, sometimes swollen at the septum. Penicilli (conidiogen- ous cells) complex, consisting of a dense whorl of verticillately or irregularly arranged, often divaricate branches, sometimes biverticillate or monoverticil late. Rami variable and often arranged at different levels, divergent, sometimes recurved, 7-35 x 2.5-5(-7) um. Metu- lae not readily distinguishable from the uppermost rami, 2-4 in the verticil, 8-10 x 2.5-3(-6) um. Phialides 2-8 in the verticil, 10-30 x 1.5-4 um, consisting of a cylind- rical basal portion, tapering abruptly to a long distinct neck, smooth-walled. Conidia hyaline to pale yellow- brown, smooth-walled, variable in shape, cylindrical, 4-7 x 1.5-2(-3) um, with both ends truncated, becoming ovoidal to ellipsoidal, 4-10 x 2-/ um, borne in loosely columnar or disordered, long chains up to 200-300 um long or more. Chlamydospores present, brown, globose or pyri- form, 5.5-10 um in diam, smooth and thick-walled, either terminal or intercalary. Racquet mycelium. present, swollen near the septum up to 10-12 um in diam. Mycelium consisting of hyaline or brown, branched, often thick- walled, smooth or roughened, septate, 1.5-/.5 um wide hyphae.
Main ubiquinones: Q-9 + Q-10.
At- 37°C. growths: slightly faster.
Specimens examined: SUM 3030 (holotype), in dried culture isolated from heat processed fruit beverage as a contaminant, Tokyo, Japan, November 1992, col. S. Suzuki; and SUM 3031, in dried culture isolated from road-side soil, Ring Road, Kathmandu, Nepal, 30 September 1986, col. S. Udagawa. The holotype has been deposited with the Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Japan (CBM).
Talaromyces spectabilis is distinctive in several respects. There is some superficial similarity between
87
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88
two described species of the genus, viz. T. byssochlamyd- oides Stolk et Samson and T. leycettanus Evans et Stolk in their thermo-resistant property and in the associated Paecilomyces anamorphs (Evans and Stolk, 1971; Stolk and Samson, 1972; Samson, 1974). From both species, Ty spectabilis differs in having much larger ascospores as well as in other several characters shown in Table 1. The Paecilomyces anamorph of T. spectabilis can be dis- tinguished from Paecilomyces variotii Bainier (Samson, 19 74) in having larger conidium-bearing structures and longer cylindrical conidia. The ubiquinone system of P. variotii was determined as only Q-9 or Q-10 by Kuraishi et al. (1985). This also supports a specific separation of P. variotii from the anamorph of the new species.
Acknowledgement: We thank Prof. R.T. Hanlin of the Univ- ercity of Georgia for reviewing this paper.
Literature cited
Evans, H.C. and Stolk, A.C. 1971. Talaromyces leycettanus sp.nov. lpanss core imycol.) (Soceg, 565. 45-49.
Kornerup, A. and Wanscher, J.H. 1978. "Methuen handbook of colour," 3rd ed. Eyre Methuen, London. 252p.
Kuraishi, H., Katayama-Fujimura, Y., Sugiyama, J., and Yokoyama, T. 1985. Ubiquinone systems in fungi. I. Distribution of ubiquinones in the major families of ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and deuteromycetes, and their taxonomic implications. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan, 26%) 383-395:
Kuraishi, H., Aoki, M., Itoh, M., Katayama, Y., Sugiyama, J. and wPT bovis 99 lee wDistribution ofeub duds nones in Penicillium and related genera.Mycol. Res., 95: 705-711.
Rayner, R.W. 1970. "A mycological colour chart." Common- wealth Mycological Institute, Kew.
Samson, R.A. 1974. '"Paecilomyces and some allied Hypho- mycetes.'' Studies in Mycology No. 6. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn. 119p.
Samson, R.A. 1989. Filamentous fungi in food and feed. J. “Apple Bacteriol. Syme) Suipp te) 67 82/7 S-655.
Samson; R. AvyeHocking, “A.D, «Pitt, d7 10s andi Kings AsU: (ed.). 1992. "Modern methods in food mycology." Elsevier, Amsterdam. 388p.
Stolk, A.C. and Samson, R.A. 1972. "Studies on Talaromy- ces and related genera II. The genus Talaromyces." Studies in Mycology No. 2. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn. 56p.
MY COTAXON
Volume L, pp. 89-92 January-March 1994
NOTES ON THE GENUS MONOICOMYCES (LABOULBENIALES, ASCOMYCOTINA): ON THE SPECIES DESCRIBED BY SPEGAZZINI
SERGIO SANTAMARIA
Unitat de Botanica. Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia. Facultat de Ciéncies. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. 08193-Bellaterra (Barcelona). Spain.
ABSTRACT
In order to clear up the taxonomic status of Monoicomyces ternatus, Monoicomyces unilateralis and Monoicomyces venetus their types have been studied. M. ternatus and M. unilateralis are here proposed as new synonyms for Monoicomyces homalotae. M. venetus is retained as a separate species.
Spegazzini described six species of Monoicomyces: M. infuscatus Speg. on Gyrohypnus bonariensis Gemm. & Har. (=G. gracilis, as Xantholinus gracilis Boh.) from Argentina (Spegazzini, 1912); M. affinis Speg. on an undetermined staphylinid from Italy; M. ternatus Speg. on a mycophilous staphylinid from Italy; M. unilateralis on an undetermined staphylinid from Italy; M. venetus Speg. on an undetermined staphylinid from Italy (Spegazzini, 1915); and M. ocaleae Speg. on Ocalea funebris Lynch from Argentina (Spegazzini, 1917).
Monoicomyces affinis was included as synonymous with Monoicomyces invisibilis Thaxt. by Thaxter (1931) and this disposition has been subsequently accepted by all the authors who mention M. invisibilis. Monoicomyces ocaleae is a synonym of Monoicomyces caloderae Thaxt. according to Thaxter (1931). I have studied the type of M. ocaleae, and my own observations are in full agreement with this opinion. Monoicomyces infuscatus is a well defined species strictly parasitic on Xantholinini staphylinids. However, the chief purpose of this note is to comment on the other three species described by Spegazzini: M. ternatus, M. unilateralis and M. venetus.
These three species were described in the same work (Spegazzini, 1915) and no further records have been added. To clear up the taxonomic status of these species I requested the Institute of Botany "C. Spegazzini" in La Plata, Argentina, to lend me their types for examination.
Monoicomyces ternatus Spegazzini, Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 27: 67 (1915) The slide examined is labelled as follows: "STAFILINO MICOFILO / CONEGLIANO /
90 XI-1914 / LPS 45061 / SINTIPO".
This slide only contains one mature specimen (fig. 1). According to the description of Spegazzini the most reliable characteristics of this species were the long secondary appendages with clavate cells. As in M. unilateralis and M. venetus, their descriptions are too brief and the drawings not very clear. My observations suggest that M. ternatus is a form of M. homalotae, accepted as a variable and rather polymorphic species.
The primary appendage appears to be broken above its second cell. The two basal cells of the primary appendage are deeply brown-pigmented and are separated by a pale septum, as is typical in M. homalotae. The antheridial and perithecial features are not distinct from those included in the wide range of characters of M. homalotae. Therefore, because of the absence of any outstanding characteristic, I concluded that M. ternatus should be a synonym of M. homalotae.
Monoicomyces unilateralis Spegazzini, Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 27: 68 (1915) The slide examined is labelled as follows: "ATHETA ? ... MICOFILA / CONEGLIANO / 1X-1914 / LPS 45087 / Tipo".
This slide contains 13 immature or nearly mature specimens (figs. 2-4). Like M. ternatus, this species was considered to be related to Monoicomyces britannicus Thaxt. by Spegazzini. The most important characteristics were those of the primary appendage and the absence of secondary appendages on the antheridium. Undoubtedly, the specimens seen belong in M. homalotae, a species often confused with M. britannicus (Santamaria, 1989). Specimens of M. unilateralis have characteristics that are very typical in M. homalotae: there is a heart-shaped cell I and the base of the primary appendage is deeply brown-pigmented with a characteristic pale ring between the two basal cells. The secondary appendages may be present or be inconspicuous (unicellular) in M. homalotae, this character being very variable. The supposed “unilaterality" of the thallus in this species is not consistent, and normal, bilaterally symmetric thalli are abundant among the specimens included on the type slide (fig. 4). Therefore, I conclude that M. unilateralis should be regarded as a synonym of M. homalotae.
Monoicomyces venetus Spegazzini, Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 27: 69 (1915) The slide examined is labelled as follows: "IN CAPITE STAFILIN ... / CONEGLIANO / VII-1913 / LPS 45062 / Tipo".
This slide contains only one mature specimen (fig. 5). This species is very different from the other two herein studied. Monoicomyces venetus seems to be a well distinguished species: primary appendage unbranched, short, and amber-coloured as in the remainder of the thallus; perithecium with the outer walls arranged in spiral rows; base of the perithecial stalk cell dark and constricted. Therefore, this species may be
Fig. 1. Monoicomyces ternatus (LPS:45061). Sintype. Figs. 2-4. Monoicomyces unilateralis (LPS-45087). Type specimens. Fig. 5. Monoicomyces venetus (LPS:45062). Type specimen. (Scale bars = 50 um. Scale bar in fig. 2 is the same for the figs. 3, 4 and S.)
91
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retained as a separate species.
The author wishes to express his gratitude to Angélica Arambarri (director of “Instituto de Botanica C. Spegazzini") for the loan of Spegazzini types, and to I. Tavares for critical reading of the manuscript.
REFERENCES
Santamaria, S. 1989. El orden Laboulbeniales (Fungi, Ascomycotina) en la Peninsula Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Edicions especials de la Societat Catalana de Micologia. Vol. 3. 396 Pp. Esplugues de Llobregat.
Spegazzini, C. 1912. Contribucién al estudio de las Laboulbeniomicetas argentinas. Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 23: 167-244.
Spegazzini, C. 1915. Segunda contribucién al conocimiento de las Laboulbeniales italianas. Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 27: 37-74.
Spegazzini, C. 1917. Revisién de las Laboulbeniales argentinas. Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 29: 445-688.
Thaxter, R. 1931. Contribution towards a monograph of the Laboulbeniaceae. Part V. Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 16: 1-435.
MYCOTAXON
Volume L, pp. 93-98 January-March 1994
OBSERVATIONS ON PSEUDOTRACYLLA SPECIES L. M. CARRIS
Department of Plant Pathology Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164-6430
ABSTRACT
Pycnothyrial formation and sporulation in Pseudotracylla dentata is described from a collection on dead leaves of Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) from a cultivated bog in Massachusetts. This is the first report of P. dentata since its description in 1976 on Eucalyptus leaves in Brazil. The geographic range of P. fa/cata, described in 1992 from dead cranberry leaves in Massachusetts and New Jersey, is expanded with the discovery of the fungus on dead leaves from two cranberry bogs in Wisconsin.
Key Words: cranberry microfungi, Pseudotracylla dentata, Pseudotracylla falcata, pycnothyrium, Vaccinium macrocarpon
The pycnothyrial genus Pseudotracylla Sutton & Hodges (1976) was based on a single collection of Euca/yptus citriodora Hook. leaves from Brazil. Pseudotracylla dentata Sutton & Hodges, the type species, is characterized by fusiform conidia and a dentate margin on the upper pycnothyrial wall. Pseudotracylla remained monotypic until Carris (1992) described P. falcata Carris from dead leaves and decayed fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (cranberry) from Massachusetts and New Jersey. Pseudotracylla falcata differs from P. dentata in having a smooth margin on the upper pycnothyrial wall and distinctly falcate conidia. An unusual type of conidiomatal development was described in P. falcata in which a central, flattened, lobed cell expands outward, forming septa that delimit individual cells. This single layer of cells eventually forms both the upper and lower walls of the pycnothyrium. The limited amount of material in the type collection of P. dentata precluded a precise description of conidiomatal development in that species. Recently, P. dentata was found on dead cranberry leaves from a commercial cranberry bog in Massachusetts. The fungus was established in pure culture in order to compare sporulation with that observed in P. fa/cata. Pycnothyria on
94
cranberry leaves were fixed and sectioned to compare conidiomatal structure with the earlier report on P. falcata (Carris, 1992).
MATERIALS & METHODS
Leaves of V. macrocarpon were collected from piles of debris in cultivated bogs in Massachusetts and Wisconsin during October and November, 1990 and 1991. Leaf samples were stored in plastic bags at 5 C for up to three months. Production of conidia was stimulated by placing leaves with pycnothyria in a moist chamber for one or more weeks. Conidia were streaked onto Difco Bacto-agar and subcultures made from single, germinating conidia. Isolates were grown in 9-cm diam plastic Petri dishes on Difco corn meal agar (CMA) under artificial light and temperature (20-25 C). Conidiomata were fixed and sectioned at 8 ym as previously described (Carris, 1992). Cultures were deposited in ATCC, CBS and IMI, and dried specimens were deposited in IMI and WSP.
RESULTS
Pseudotracylla dentata was found in leaf debris samples from one of 24 cultivated cranberry beds surveyed in Massachusetts. Pseudotracylla falcata also was present in this sample. Pycnothyria of one or both species of Pseudotracylla were found on 70% of the leaves examined. Pseudotracylla falcata was present on 56% of the colonized leaves, P. dentata on 22%, and pycnothyria of both species were present on the remaining 22% of the colonized leaves. Pseudotracylla falcata was found in leaf debris samples from two of twelve cultivated cranberry beds sampled in Wisconsin, expanding the known geographical range of this fungus. Pseudotracylla dentata was not found in any of the Wisconsin samples. Neither species has been found in cultivated cranberry bogs in Oregon and Washington. The Massachusetts cranberry isolate of P. dentata agrees with the published description (Sutton and Hodges, 1976) and type material (IMI 196483k). The Wisconsin isolates of P. falcata were indistinguishable from the holotype (WSP 69554) and other isolates from Massachusetts and New Jersey. The reader is referred to Carris (1992) for a description of this fungus on host tissue and in culture. A description of P. dentata on host material and in culture follows.
Conidiomata on host tissue 48-132 ym diam, formed singly or coalescing on lower leaf surface. Conidiomata superficial, attached to the leaf by a single, narrow hypha penetrating the host epidermis. Conidioma composed of septate upper wall connected to lower, membranous wall by central columella (Fig. 1). Upper wall of conidioma (Figs. 2, 4) dark reddish brown, composed of one central, globose-angular cell (= columella) 6.2-8.8 x 5.3-7.9 ym diam; columella surrounded by 2-3
95
irregular rows of smaller globose-angular cells (= conidiogenous cells) 4.4-5.3 x 2.6-4.4 um; these cells merging into outwardly radiating, square to rectangular cells (2.6-5.3 x 1.8-3.5 wm); terminating in a dentate margin. Lower wall dark brown, membranous, composed of radial rows of sparsely septate cells 1.8-3.5 wm diam (Fig. 3).
One-week-old colony on CMA 10-12 mm diam, with sparse, hyaline, mostly submerged hyphae 2.7-6.3 wm diam, with numerous clusters of dark cells submerged and on surface of agar (Fig. 5); clusters formed on surface of agar developing radiating, white aerial hyphae (Fig. 6). Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic-phialidic, of two types: first type hyaline, ampulliform to cylindrical, walls smooth, 6.3-13.5 x 2.6-4.1 ym, with prominent, cylindrical collarettes 1.8-3.5 wm deep and 2.6-3.5 wm wide, occasionally with percurrent proliferation resulting in annellations, formed singly or on branched conidiophores (Figs. 8, 9); second type dark brown, globose to ampulliform, becoming lobed, walls roughened, 5.3-8.8 x 4.4-7.9 ym, with inconspicuous collarettes, formed in clusters up to 850 um diam (Fig. 10). Conidiogenous cells developing into clusters of lobed cells which form either irregular masses, or radiating shield-like structures reminiscent of upper wall of pycnothyrium. Similar conidia produced by both types of conidiogenous cells: hyaline, smooth, aseptate, fusiform, apex tapered, base truncate, with inconspicuous gelatinous appendage, 10.6-12.3 x 2.6-4.1 wm (Fig. 7), formed abundantly and accumulating in gloeoid mass around conidiogenous cells, germinating readily via single germ tube.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Pseudotracylla dentata, on leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora, Brazil, Paulista, Pernambuco, 30-VI-1975 (HOLOTYPE: IMI 196483K); on leaves of Vaccinium macrocarpon, Massachusetts, Plymouth County, South Carver, Wankinquoah Bog, 10-X-1990, F. Caruso (WSP 69558; IMI 352172).
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Pseudotracylla falcata, on leaves and decayed fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon, Wisconsin, Monroe County, Potter Cranberry Company, 7-XI-1991, S. N. Jeffers (WSP 69586); Russell Rezin & Sons, Inc., 7-XI-1991, S. N. Jeffers (WSP 69587).
Colonies of P. dentata are white and composed of hyaline mycelium, whereas those of P. fa/cata are composed of dark brown mycelium. Both species produce clusters of dark brown conidiogenous cells, although the cells forming in cultures of P. dentata are mostly lobed, and in P. falcata are globose. The hyaline conidiogenous cells with prominent collarettes which were common in P. dentata cultures were not observed in P. falcata. Growth rate of P. falcata colonies was approximately twice that of P. dentata. When the two species were
96
i,
paired in culture, mycelium of P. fa/cata would eventually grow completely around the slower growing colony of P. dentata without overgrowing mycelium of the latter species.
DISCUSSION
Examination of the P. dentata isolates on cranberry leaves substantiates the previous description of pycnothyrial structure in Pseudotracylla which was based primarily on P. fa/cata (Carris, 1992). In their original description of P. dentata, Sutton and Hodges (1976) had described the upper pycnothyrial wall as sparsely septate and the lower wall as composed of pseudoparenchyma. Hyphae composing the upper wall of mature pycnothyria of P. dentata examined in this study were regularly septate, whereas the lower wall was sparsely septate and membranous. The membranous nature and sparse septation of the lower wall (Fig. 4) suggest that it separated from the upper wall during an early stage of pycnothyrial development when the upper wall was still expanding.
The conidia produced in culture by the two types of conidiogenous cells in P. dentata are indistinguishable. In contrast, the conidia of P. falcata are only formed in culture from aggregations of dark, thick-walled conidiogenous cells (Carris, 1992). The aggregates of conidiogenous cells in Pseudotracylla species presumably represent an early stage in pycnothyrial formation, although fully-developed pycnothyria are rarely formed in agar culture. It is possible that pycnothyria develop in response to contact with a specific type of surface, such as the leaf cuticle. Pseudotracylla dentata is similar to Tubakia species in culture; both form conidiogenous cells in aggregations and singly on hyphae (Glawe and Crane, 1987). Munkvold and Neely (1991) questioned the
Figs. 1-10. Pseudotracylla dentata. 1. Two mature pycnothyria grown together on leaf, longitudinal section (8 wm thick). Arrows indicate columellae. X 800. 2. Upper wall of pycnothyrium, treated with NaOCl. X 320. 3. Lower wall of pycnothyrium. X 640. 4. Upper wall of developing pycnothyrium. X 640. 5. 11-da-old colony on corn meal agar. X 5. 6. Clusters of dark conidiogenous cells produced on surface and submerged in agar, 11-da-old colony on corn meal agar. X 19. 7. Conidia produced in culture. Arrow indicates gelatinous sheath at base of conidium. X 1350. 8, 9. Hyaline conidiogenous cells produced in culture. X 1350. 10. Clusters of dark conidiogenous cells produced in culture. X 1350.
98
placement of these types of fungi in the Coelomycetes since their conidiomata are not true pycnidia or acervuli, and they grow like Hyphomycetes in culture.
This report of P. dentata on cranberry leaf debris in Massachusetts is notable in several regards. First, it is only the second time the fungus has been found, and the first time it has been cultured. Secondly, the occurrence of both known species of Pseudotracylla on cranberry, at the same site, and indeed, on the same leaf, suggests some type of host or habitat preference in the genus. However, as was previously noted, the type collection of P. dentata is from Eucalyptus leaves in Brazil. The existence of any similarity between the Brazil and Massachusetts habitats and the Euca/yptus and Vaccinium hosts is not obvious. Disparate host and geographical records such as this may be more due to the inconspicuous nature of the fungi and our lack of knowledge on them rather than to the actual distribution of species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
PPNS 0161, College of Agriculture and Home Economics Research Center Project 0837, Washington State University, Pullman. | thank Drs. Brenda Callan, Dean Glawe and Jack Rogers for manuscript review, Drs. Frank Caruso and Steven Jeffers for providing leaf samples, and Peter Gray for technical assistance.
LITERATURE CITED
Carris, L. M. 1992. Vaccinium fungi: Pseudotracylla falcata sp. nov. Mycologia 84:534-540.
Glawe, D. A. and J. L. Crane. 1987. Illinois fungi. XIIl. Tubakia dryina. Mycotaxon 29: 101-112.
Munkvold, G. P. and D. Neely. 1991. Development of 7ubakia dryina on host tissue. Canad. J. Bot. 69: 1865-1871.
Sutton, B. C. and C. S. Hodges Jr. 1976. Eucalyptus microfungi: Mycoleptodiscus species and Pseudotracylla gen. nov. Nova Hedwigia 27: 693-700.
MY COTAXON
Volume L, pp. 99-105 January-March 1994
ACAULOSPORA EXCAVATA SP. NOV. - AN ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS FROM COTE D'IVOIRE
K. INGLEBY C. WALKER? & P.A. MASON'
"Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, U.K. EH26 0QB
*Forestry Commission, The Forestry Authority, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, U.K. EH25 9SY
SUMMARY
A newly discovered endomycorrhizal fungus, Aucaulospora excavata, is described and illustrated.
INTRODUCTION
As part of a study of spore populations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Céte d'Ivoire (Wilson et a/. 1992), soil samples were collected from beneath Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels and T. ivorensis A. Chev. in the Mopri Forest Reserve, in October 1990. Among the spore types extracted was a previously undescribed member of the genus Acaulospora Gerdemann and Trappe. This fungus is described herein as Acaulospora excavata sp. nov.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Spores were extracted from soil by sucrose centrifugation (Walker et a/. 1982) and suspended in water for initial examination under a dissecting microscope (x 6-50). Illumination was by incident light from an quartz-iodine fibre-optic source with a colour temperature of 3200°K. Spore colour was described from freshly extracted spores suspended in water in plastic Petri dishes and illuminated by the same light source used for examining the spores. Colour was determined by comparison with a standard colour chart (Anon. 1969), the numbers following the colour descriptions refer to those given in the colour chart. Colour matching of structures viewed with transmitted light under a compound microscope was more difficult than with a dissecting microscope, so for such observations colours (for example, of individual walls in the description) were not precisely matched to a chart, and only generalised colour descriptions are used (Walker et al. 1993).
100
Specimens were mounted in polyvinyl alcohol lacto-glycerol (PVLG) (Koske & Tessier 1983) or distilled water (Spain 1990) with or without Melzer's reagent (Morton 1986a) for further study under a compound microscope (x 150-1500) with brightfield and Nomarski differential interference contrast illumination.
Wall structures were described using the standardized terminology and murographs of Walker (1983) and Morton (1986b). So far, attempts to establish this species in pot culture have failed.
ACAULOSPORA EXCAVATA Ingleby and Walker sp. nov. (Figs 1 & 2)
Sporae singillatim in terra enatae, lateraliter gestae in sacculo sporifero, pallide ochraceae, ochraceae vel aurantiae, globosae vel subglobosae, 115- 200 x 100-165 wm. Sporarum tunicae 3 in turmis tribus: Turma A cum tunica singula, colorata, 8-11 “wm crassa, foveis interdum leviter angularibus, 4-20 x 4-16 um in diam et 2-6 um profundis; turma B cum tunica singula, hyalina, membranacea, 0.5-1.0 um crassa; turma C cum tunica singula, amorpha, baccata, 1-2.5 ym crassa, in solutione Melzeri carnea vel purpurea.
SPORES borne singly in the soil laterally on the neck of a hyaline sporiferous saccule that collapses after the spores mature; spores pale ochraceous (6) to ochre (9) to orange (48); globose to subglobose, 115-200 x 100-165 ym.
SACCULE neck at point of attachment to the spore 9-19 um in diameter with walls 1-2 um thick (Figs. 1A, 1B). Dimensions of saccule not determined.
WALL GROUP A ofa single, pale yellow, laminated wall, 8-11 um thick, not reacting to Melzer's reagent. Outer surface ornamented by circular to subcircular to elliptical pits, 4-20 x 4-16 zm in diameter and 2-6 um in depth sometimes with a slightly angular outline (Figs. 1C, 1D). These pits appear flat-bottomed with the basal area 3-15 x 3-12 um in diameter (Fig. 1C, arrowed). Pits adjacent or up to 9 um apart.
Fig. 1. Light photomicrographs of spores of Aucaulospora excavata.
A. Saccule neck still attached to spore.
B. Saccule scar. Note the smaller pits immediately surrounding the scar. C. Surface view of ornamented outer wall showing pit size, shape and distribution. These pits are flat-bottomed and in some cases the basal perimeter is in focus (arrowed).
D. A fractured spore showing the pits in cross-section.
E. A fractured spore showing all three walls. Note the beaded inner wall 3 which has expanded in PVLG and the area where the beaded deposition is absent (arrowed).
1
10
102
SPORE WALL STRUCTURE of three walls (1-3) in three wall groups (A-C) (see Murograph Fig. 2).
nN Ww
Y j Y ] g
Fig. 2 Murograph (after Walker 1983) of Acaulospora excavata.
WALL GROUP B of a single, hyaline, membranous wall, 0.5-1.0 um thick, not reacting to Melzer's reagent (Fig. 15).
WALL GROUP C of a single 'beaded', amorphous wall, 1-2 um thick (including beaded ornamentation on outer surface), which reacts strongly in Melzer's reagent turning pink or purple within minutes of crushing the spores. This wall is plastic in PVLG and, when crushed, may become up to 9 um thick (Fig. 1E).
ETYMOLOGY: Latin excavata - referring to the appearance of the pits on the outer wall.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: Known only from a single soil sample collected from the Mopri Forest Reserve. The sampling area was one of natural forest which had been manually cleared and burnt in 1989 before replanting with T. ivorensis. This disturbance had resulted in marked changes in soil chemistry with increases in pH (from 6.5 to 7.5), organic matter and available nutrients; at the sample point where A. excavata was found the pH was particularly high (8.2). Changes in vegetation also occurred after the clearance. In addition to planting with T. ivorensis the plot was rapidly colonised by a wide range of herbaceous species, most notably Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson.
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MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS: Not known. Baiting out the species was attempted by both single-spore and multi-spore isolation and open-pot culture (Gilmore 1968) using Plantago lanceolata L. and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. as host plants. None of these attempts succeeded.
HOLOTYPE: Cote d'Ivoire: South West of Tissale - Mopri Forest Reserve under Terminalia ivorensis, E; isotype OSC (Walker 1674. 30 X 90).
DISCUSSION
Spores of A. excavata possess a distinctly ornamented outer wall surface of densely crowded, flat-bottomed pits. Six other species of Acaulospora have been described so far which possess a distinctly pitted outer wall, namely Acaulospora foveata Trappe and Janos (Janos & Trappe 1982), A. cavernata Blaszkowski (Blaszkowski 1989), A. Jacunosa Morton (Morton 1986b), A. paulinae Blaszkowski (Blaszkowski 1988), A. undulata Sieverding (Sieverding 1988) and A. scrobiculata Trappe (Trappe 1977).
Spores of A. foveata can be distinguished from A. excavata by their generally larger size (185-310 x 215-350 tm) and colour (yellow/brown to red/brown to black/brown). Spores of A. paulinae are smaller (60-95 um) and those of A. scrobiculata are a paler colour (hyaline to olive to brown) while those of A. undulata are both smaller (55-85 um) and are a paler colour (hyaline) than those of A. excavata. We have not been able to examine spores of A. cavernata , but from their description, they are similar in size and colour to those of A. excavata.
From their descriptions, A. cavernata, A. lacunosa, A. paulinae and A. scrobiculata have smaller pits than A. excavata (always < 6 um diam compared with 4-20 x 4-16 um) and thinner outer walls (< 6 um thick compared with 8-11 um). Pits of A. lacunosa, A. paulinae and A. scrobiculata are also more widely spaced and irregularly shaped. Additionally spores of A. cavernata are described as having a second wall in wall group A and a coriaceous wall in wall group C while those of A. Jacunosa have a second wall in wall group B. Spores of A. undulata possess an even thinner ornamented wall (1-1.5 um thick) consisting of depressions separated by ridges 1 um wide. They are also described as having an outer evanescent wall, though examination of specimens from the type culture does not show this phenomenon. Although A. excavata and A. foveata have similar sized pits, the smaller spore size and more densely crowded pits of A. excavata combine to give the surface of the outer wall a completely different appearance to that of A. foveata.
Wall group C of A. excavata is described as a single beaded wall, though it can appear as two walls in PVLG mounts. The depositions on the outer surface of this amorphous wall clearly do not constitute a distinct wall, though
104
in places they are so crowded as to seemingly form a separate layer. In other places, however, the beads may be absent, possibly due to detachment during crushing (Figure 1E, arrowed).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was funded by the UK Overseas Development Administration and the Commonwealth Development Corporation, and was contracted to ITE by the International Forest Science Consultancy. Work using imported soil was carried out under DAFS licence number IP/MISC/28/90 issued under the Plant Health (Great Britain) order 1987. We wish to thank Dr J.M. Trappe, Oregon State University, Department of Forest Science for preparing the latin diagnosis and for his helpful review of the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
ANON, 1969. Flora of British fungi colour, identification chart. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, HMSO.
BLASZKOWSKI, J. 1988. Three new vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fun4i (Endogonaceae) from Poland. Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci: Biol. Sci. 36: 271-275.
BLASZKOWSKI, J. 1989. Acaulospora cavernata (Endogonales) - a new species from Poland with pitted spores. Crypt. Bot. 1: 204-207
GILMORE, A.E. 1968. Phycomycetous mycorrhizal organisms collected by open-pot culture methods. Hilgardia 39: 87-105.
JANOS, D.P. & TRAPPE, J.M. 1982. New Acaulospora species from America. Mycotaxon 15: 515-522.
JENKINS, W.R. 1964. A rapid centrifugal-flotation technique for separating nematodes from soil. Plant Disease Report 48: 692.
KOSKE, R.E. & TESSIER, B. 1983. A convenient permanent slide mounting
medium. Mycological Society of America's Newsletter, 34(2): 59.
MORTON, J.B. 1986A. Effects of mountants and fixatives on wall structures and Melzer's reaction in spores of two Acaulospora species (Endogonaceae). Mycologia 78: 787- 794.
MORTON, J.B. 1986B. Three new species of Acaulospora (Endogonaceae) from high aluminium, low pH soils in West Virginia. Mycologia 78:
641-648.
SIEVERDING, E. 1988. Two new species of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the Endogonaceae from tropical highlands of Africa. Agnew. Botanik 62: 373-380.
SPAIN, J.L. 1990. Arguments for diagnoses based on unaltered wall structures. Mycotoxon 38: 71-76.
TRAPPE, J.M. 1977. Three new Endogonaceae: G/omus constrictus,
Sclerocystis clavispora and Acaulospora scrobiculata. Mycotaxon 6: 359-366.
WALKER, C. 1983. Taxonomic concepts in the Endogonaceae: spore wall
characteristics in species descriptions. Mycotaxon 18: 443-455.
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WALKER, C., MIZE, C.W. & McNABB, H.S. 1982. Populations of of endogonaceous fungi at two locations in central lowa. Canadian Journal of Botany 60: 2518-2529.
WALKER, C., GIANINAZZI-PEARSON, V. & MARION-ESPINASSE, H. 1993. Scutellospora castanea, a newly described arbuscular mycorrhizal species. Submitted to Cryptogamie.
WILSON, J., INGLEBY, K., MASON, P.A., IBRAHIM, K.D. & LAWSON, G.J. 1992. Long-term changes in VA mycorrhizal spore populations in Terminalia plantations in Cote d'lvoire. In: Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems. D.J. Read, D.H. Lewis, A.H. Fitter and |.J. Alexander (Eds.) C.A.B. International, Wallingford, U.K.
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MY COTAXON
Volume L, pp. 107-113 January-March 1994
STUDIES ON KERATINOPHILIC FUNGI. II. CHRYSOSPORIUM PILOSUM sp. nov.
J. GENE’, J. GUARRO’, K. ULFIG’, P. VIDAL' and J. CANO!
' Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain. ? Environmental Pollution Institute, 40832 Katowice, Poland.
ABSTRACT
Chrysosporium pilosum sp. nov., a keratinophilic hyphomycete isolated from river sediments and soil, is described. The fungus is characterized by its restricted growth on agar media at 25/37 °C and the production of conidia on deflected short protrusions, but its most prominent feature is the presence of broad, simple, thick-walled, brownish,
sterile hyphae. The taxonomic position of the species is discussed.
RESUMEN
Se describe un nuevo hifomiceto keratinofilico, Chrysosporium pilosum sp. nov., a partir de tres cepas aisladas de sedimentos fluviales y de suelo. Dicho hongo se Caracteriza por presentar un crecimiento restringido en cultivo a 25/37 °C, por la produccién de conidios a partir de cortas protuberancias, a menudo curvadas, y por la
existencia de hifas estériles de color pardo. Se discute la posicién taxondémica de esta
especie.
108 In our studies on keratinophilic fungi from different sources, many species of taxonomic interest have been isolated. One of them, Chrysosporium pilosum sp. nov., is
described and illustrated below.
Chrysosporium pilosum Gené, Guarro et Ulfig sp. nov.
Etym.: referring to the sterile and brown hyphae.
Coloniae in agaro PYE ad 25 °C lente crescentes, elevatae, in medio convolutae, Jrequenter in margine radiato-striatae, luteolae vel subbrunneae, floccosae vel coactae, margo definitus, leviter lobulatus; reversum brunneoaurantiacum vel fuscum, 37 °C crescit. Hyphae vegetativae hyalinae vel albolutae, ramosae, septatae, tenuitunicatae, laeves, 1-2.5 um crassae; post 2-3 hebdomades hyphae steriles formantur, simplices, brunneae et crassitunicatae, 3-5.5 ym crassae. Hyphae reticulatae nonnumquam praesentes. Conidia terminalia et lateralia numerosa, oriunda ex brevibus protrusionibus vel ramulis lateralibus, rectis vel flexuosis, nonnumquam Sessilia, Solitaria, luteola, primum laevia et tenuitunicata, deinde verrucosa et crassitunicata, unicellularia, globosa, subglobosa vel pyriformia, raro fusiformia, 4-6 x 3.5-5.5 um, cicatrice basilari 1,5-2 pm diam. Conidia intercalaria minus numerosa, Solitaria, luteola, primum laevia et tenuitunicata, deinde verrucosa et crassitunicata, unicellularia, subglobosa, doliiformia, nonnumquam unilateraliter inflata, 3.5-5.5 x 3-4 ym. Chlamydosporae
absentes. Species moderate keratinolytica. Reproductio sexualis ignota. Holotypus: IMI 356294, ex sedimentis fluvialibus. \sotypus: FMR 4157.
On phytone-yeast extract agar (PYE) at 25 °C, colonies restricted, with a mean daily radial spread of 0.4-0.7 mm, raised up to 6 mm, smooth or convoluted at the centre, often radially folded at the periphery, yellowish-white to mustard-yellow, light brown in age, consisting of a basal felt covered by cottony to floccose aerial mycelium, often with droplets of colourless or light brown exudate, margin well-defined, slightly
lobulate; reverse brownish-orange or dark brown. Sporulating slowly. Hyphae hyaline
Fig. 1. Chrysosporium pilosum IMI 356294. a,b. Colonial morphology after 4 weeks at 25 C (a. on PYE; b. on OMA). c-g. Fertile hyphae with terminal, lateral and some intercalary conidia (c. bar=20um; d-f. bar=10um; g. bar=2pm). h. Conidia (bar=1pm). i. Sterile hyphae (bar =20um).
109
110
Fig. 2. Chrysosporium pilosum |MI 356294. Fertile hyphae and conidia.
11]
to yellowish, branched, septate, smooth- and thin-walled, 1-2.5 »m wide; after 2-3 weeks (on all media tested) numerous, brown and thick-walled, sterile hyphae are present, especially in the centre of the colony. These hyphae are simple, straight or slightly wavy, sparsely septate, 3-5.5 um wide, bearing irregular, darker brown knobs. Racquet hyphae occasionally present. Terminal and lateral conidia abundant, usually born on deflected short protrusions or on straight or flexuose side branches, sometimes sessile, solitary, hyaline to pale yellow, initially smooth- and thin-walled, becoming thick-walled and usually coarsely verrucose at maturity, unicellular, globose, subglobose to pyriform, in young cultures occasionally fusiform (IMI 356295), 4-6 x 3.5-5.5 um, with basal scars 1.5-2 ym wide. Intercalary conidia often present (abundant in [MI 356295), solitary, pale yellow, at first smooth- and thin-walled, later becoming thick- walled and often coarsely verrucose, unicellular, subglobose to barrel-shaped, occasionally unilaterally inflated, 3.5-5.5 x 3-4 ym. Chlamydospores not observed.
Teleomorph unknown.
On oat-meal agar (OMA), colonies with a mean daily spread of 0.6-0.7 mm, raised (3-4 mm), smooth, slighly depressed at the centre, densely cottony, pale yellowish, becoming light brown or brown at the centre due to dark hyphae, sometimes with colourless exudate droplets, margin defined, irregularly lobulate, slightly fimbriate; reverse reddish-orange or olive-brown, with the yellowish pigment diffusing into the medium. Sporulation abundant. With the strain IMI 356790, we obtained occasionally a structure
similar to a hairy pseudoascomata but it was sterile.
The fungus grows at 37 °C, with mean daily radial spread of 0.3-0.4 and 0.6-0.7 mm on PYE and OMA, respectively. Colonies on PYE yellowish-white, raised up to 3-4 mm, slightly convoluted, with a basal felt covered by cottony to floccose aerial mycelium; margin defined, irregular; reverse colourless or light brown. On OMA, colonies yellowish-white, floccose and raised up to 2-4 mm at the centre, white, funiculose and radially folded at the periphery; margin defined, lobulate; reverse pale
green, with the yellow pigment diffusing into the medium. Resistant to cycloheximide 0.2 %. Slightly keratinolytic.
Material examined: IMI 356294 (=FMR 4157), from river sediments of the River Fluvia, Catalonia, Spain, 16 September 1991; IMI 356295 (=FMR 3972, RV 24220), from soil, Somalia, 14 March 1968; IMI 356790 (=FMR 4345), from forest soil, Guanajay, Pinar del Rio, Cuba, 22 March 1992.
TZ
Fig. 3. Chrysosporium pilosum \MI 356294. Sterile hyphae.
The main characteristic of both isolates of C. pilosum, unique for this genus, is the presence of brown, thick-walled hyphae, suggesting an ascomycete teleomorph. However, no ascomata could be obtained under a variety of growth conditions (different temperatures and media) and when the three strains were crossed with each other. Species with a similar characteristic are Onychocola canadensis Sigler et Congly (1990) and Malbranchea filamentosa Sigler et Carmichael (Sigler et al., 1982). Both species have arthroconidia and in neither case did a teleomorph develop. Some other species of Chrysosporium, such as C. merdarium (Link) Carmichael (1962), the C. anamorph of Amaurascopsis perforatus Guarro et al. (1992), the C. anamorph of Renispora flavissima Sigler et al. (1979), and C. vallenarense Oorschot et Piontelli (1985), resemble C. pilosum in having yellow pigmentation of the colonies as well as globose to obovoid and coarsely verrucose conidia. However, C. merdarium and C. vallenarense have a maximum temperature for growth of about 30 °C. In addition, the
growth rate of the former is faster at 20 °C, and the conidia in the latter are often
iS produced on sympodial branches. The C. anamorph of R. flavissima produces larger (5-12 x 4-12 pm), spiny or prominently tuberculate conidia, whereas that of A. perforatus has a faster growth at 37 °C, with a Magenta-coloured colony reverse on OMA, producing a teleomorph with peridial hyphae quite different from the sterile
hyphae observed in C. pilosum.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by grant n° 92/0785 from FIS from the Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Spain. The authors are indebted to Dr. E. Descals (C.S.1.C.), Dr. C.S. Tan and Prof. W. Gams (CBS, Baarn) for helpful comments and to Dr. J.M. Escola (Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona) for reviewing the Latin diagnosis. We also express our thanks to Prof. Ch. de Vroey (Institute of Tropical Medicine ‘Prince Leopold’, Antwerp, Belgium) who supplied an isolate.
REFERENCES
Carmichael J.W. 1962. Chrysosporium and some other aleuriosporic Hyphomycetes. Can. J. Bot. 40: 1137-1173.
Guarro J., J. Gené and Ch. de Vroey. 1992. Amaurascopsis, a new genus of Eurotiales. Mycotaxon 45: 171-178.
Oorschot C.A.N. van and E. Piontelli. 1985. Chrysosporium vallenarense spec. nov. Persoonia 12: 487-488.
Sigler L. and H. Congly. 1990. Toenail infection caused by Onychocola canadensis gen. et sp. nov. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 28: 405-417.
Sigler L., P.K. Gaur, R.W. Lichtwardt and J.W. Carmichael. 1979. Renispora flavissima, a new gymnoascaceous fungus with tuberculate Chrysosporium conidia. Mycotaxon 10: 133-141.
Sigler L., J. Lacey and J.W. Carmichael. 1982. Two new species of Malbranchea. Mycotaxon 15: 465-471.
MY COTAXON
Volume L, pp. 115-122 January-March 1994
A NEW SPECIES OF DELITSCHIA FROM WEST AFRICA
FERNANDO PEL AEZ
Merck Sharp & Dohme de Espana, S.A. Josefa Valcarcel, 38 28027 Madrid, Spain
JON D. POLISHOOK
Merck Research Laboratories P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
MARTI VALLDOSERA AND JOSEP GUARRO
Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina Universitat Rovira | Virgili, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain
Summary
A new species of Delitschia growing in culture is described and illustrated. The fungus was isolated from dung of a dassie collected in Namibia. It is characterized by having asci each with 64 ascospores. Also, each ascospore has a transverse and non-constricted septum, with a longitudinal germ slit.
Introduction
Species included in the genus Delitschia Auersw. are fimicolous loculoascomycetes, characterized by bitunicate asci and dark brown to black, two-celled ascospores. The septum is median, transverse or oblique, and both cells of the ascospore have an elongated germ slit. A hyaline gelatinous sheath surrounds each
116
ascospore. The genus was last reviewed in 1975 by Luck-Allen and Cain (1), who recorded 46 species. Later, six more species were added (2,3). Of these 52 total species, only 6 produce asci with more than 8 ascospores, with the remainder having asci with 8 or less ascospores.
In this paper we describe a new species of Delitschia with approximately 64 ascospores per ascus isolated from dung of dassie (Procavia sp.) collected in Namibia. A key to the species of this genus having more than eight ascospores is also presented.
Materials and Methods
Isolation of the culture: 0.5 g of dried dung was ground and rigorously washed with water and air for 1 hour in a device with four screens decreasing in pore size, similar to the one described by Parkinson & Williams for the isolation of soil fungi (4). The particles retained in the smallest size screen (90-105 um) were plated onto VDY medium, prepared according to Papavizas & Davey (5). The growing colonies were transfered to plates of potato dextrose and oatmeal agar for identification. Mature perithecia were observed after 2-3 weeks growing at 249°C under fluorescent light (near UV) on a 12 hour light/dark cycle.
In the descriptions capitalized color names in parentheses are from Ridgway (6). Cornmeal agar and V-8 juice agar were prepared as media M-7 and M-29, respectively, of Stevens (7). Potato dextrose agar and oatmeal agar were prepared media from Difco Laboratories.
Fig. 1. Delitschia confertaspora. A. Perithecium x 100. B. Peridium in surface view x 1200. C. Mature ascus x 320. D . Mature and immature asci, pSeudoparaphyses and ascospores x 100. E. Upper portion of an ascus showing the double wall, the apical structure and mature ascospores x 500. F. Mature ascospore showing the transverse septum and the gelatinous sheath expanding about the ends of the spore x 1250. G. Mature ascospore showing the longitudinal germ slit x 1200. H. Mature ascospores with gelatinous sheath x 500.
Dy
118
Description of the species
Delitschia confertaspora Pelaez, Polishook, Valldosera and Guarro, sp. nov. Figs. 1-2
Peritheciis subglobosis vel piriformibus sparsis, brunneis vel atrobrunneis, 400-625 x 350-625 tum, pilis hyalinis vel flavo- brunneis, septatis, 2-4 um diam, collo papilliformi vel cylindraceo, 65-150 x 80-130 um; peridio membranaceo vel aliquantum coriaceo, atrobrunneo, opaco; cellulis externis irregulariter angulatis vel epidermoideis. Ascis 64-sporis, cylindraceis vel Clavatis, 250-365 x 37-57 tm, superne late rotundatis, brevi- Stipitatis; pseudoparaphysibur numerosis, hyalinis, filiformibus, 0.8-4 um diam, septatis. Ascosporis multiseriatis, brunneis vel atrobrunneis, opacis, ellipsoideis, 23-25 x 9-11 um, transverse uniseptatis, leviter constrictis vel nonconstrictis, segmentis ascosporarum maturiS sape sejuntis, strato mucoso hyalino involutis, stria germinal longitudinaliter prolata.
TYPO: In fimo ex dassie, Mirabeb Hills, Namibia, 23 Sept. 1990. Teges culta sicca IMI 350,692 (=ATCC 74209).
ETYMOLOGY: Latin, conferta = crowded or dense, spora = seed, referring to the arrangement and quantity of spores in the ascus.
Perithecia dark brown to black, subglobose to pyriform, 400- 625 x 350-625 um; irregularly covered with hyaline to pale brown, septate, mostly unbranched hairs, 2-4 um in diam; scattered, solitary to aggregated, superficial; ascospores, when mature, extruded as black, slimy mass; neck dark brown, papillate to short cylindrical, 65-150 x 80-130 um; peridium membranaceous to rather coriaceous, dark brown, opaque, consisting of irregularly, thick-walled cells, textura angularis to epidermoidea.
Asci usually 64-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, broadly rounded above, tapering below into a short stipe, 250-365 X77 tm:
Pseudoparaphyses numerous, hyaline, filamentous, septate, 0.8-4 um in diam. Ascospores multiseriate, brown to dark brown, ellipsoidal, broadly rounded at the ends, 23-25 x 9-11 um, transversely septate, 2-celled, unconstricted or only slightly constricted at the median septum and non separable at maturity,
119
Fig. 2. Delitschia confertaspora. A. Perithecium. B. Ascus. C. Ascospores, two of them showing the gelatinous sheath. Bar: A = 140 um; B = 35 um; C = 10 um.
120
each cell with a longitudinal germ slit, surrounded by an uneven hyaline gelatinous layer expanding up to 12 um around the spore, wider on the ends of the spore than near the septum, and only visible in fresh preparations from young cultures.
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS: On cornmeal agar colonies growing moderately slow and submerged, attaining a diameter of 34 mm in 14 days at 259C and 50% RH, margin uneven, surface appressed, sparse with margin dissected, culture mat near inoculum light brown (Clay Color, Cacao Brown) fading to colorless at margin, immature perithecia present.
On potato dextrose agar attaining a diameter of 41 mm, aerial mycelium cottony in colony center to a flat, mostly appressed margin, radially sulcate, margin uneven, color light orange-yellow (Light Ochraceous Buff, Ochraceous Buff) with a light gray (Dawn Gray) near the margin, reverse reddish brown (Burnt Sienna, Sandfords Brown), soluble pigment present, perithecia absent.
On oatmeal agar attaining a diameter of 41 mm, culture mat radially sulcate with some media buckling, mat near inoculum light brown (Light Ochraceous Buff, Ochraceous Buff), margin darker brown (Pecan Brown, Cinnamon), light yellow-brown exudate present at inoculum point, mature perithecia present.
On V-8 juice agar attaining a diameter of 44 mm, culture mat appressed or slightly raised, floccose to cottony at inoculum sometimes radiating to margin, color light brown (Flesh Ocher, Apricot Buff) with some sections with a gray tint (Hathi Gray), mature perithecia present.
HABITAT: On dung of dassie (Procavia sp.).
SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Mirabeb Hills, Namibia, Africa. 23 September 1990. Dried culture mat IMI 350,692 (=ATCC 74209).
Discussion
Delitschia confertaspora is characterized by having 64-spored asci, each ascospore with a longitudinal germ slit and a transverse and unconstricted septum. Only two other species of Delitschia with 64 ascospores per ascus have been previously described (2): D. dochmiophragmia and D. spiralirima. The species described here is easily distinguishable from these two.
The ascospores of D. spiralirima have a distinct spiral-shaped
124
germ slit and are significantly larger in size (51-57 x 24-29 um) than the ascospores of D. confertaspora, which have a longitudinal germ slit, and also the asci are much larger in D. spiralirima (450- 600 x 130-150 um).
In D. dochmiophragmia the ascospores have an oblique and constricted septum with each cell separating at maturity. D. confertaspora, however, has ascospores with a transverse septum, unconstricted or only very slightly constricted, and with the cells remaining intact at maturity. In addition, the ascospores of D. confertaspora are slightly smaller in size than D. dochmiophragmia (27-39 x 12-15 um), and with the ends more broadly rounded than in this last species.
Finally, the gelatinous sheath that surrounds each ascospore of D.confertaspora, expanding about the ends, is _ clearly distinguishable from the other two species mentioned. However, it resembles the sheath of D. mesostenospora, although this species has eight-spored asci.
The following key discriminates among the described species of Delitschia with more than eight ascospores per ascus.
SON ulti OTA SCOS DOES eee eric tn nye ee deer tee en seen rates Nt oa 2 ASCII One mat d OvaSCOSDOIOS tits. ste cs te. eer recent fot tdasaantcede dares 3
—_
2. Ascospores with septum transverse; 56-62 x 18-21 um
Re meen oh Re en he ote NL A ah aaetech eh te Tad Cond D. polyspora Griff. 2. Ascospores with septum oblique; 36-54 x 12-15 um
ct ch EAE RES OEP Tn D. sexdecimspora Jeng, Luck-Allen & Cain
PPASEM WITT See ASCliic ont ac soe urecass D. ionthada Jeng, Luck-Allen & Cain SRAcGEWMOrouial 21a SCOSDONCS male yar cuticle Cee aan es aie, 4 APASCIMIMIN OG: ASCOSDOLC Giamce pe ssudenn cath teat teach: | Poem nin, deh Plena BS es 5 4. Asci with 256 ascospores ................. D. myriaspora Breton & Faurel
5. Ascospores oblong with spiral shaped germ slit DR cero Batra. RMON milena eae RAY Rs D. spiralirima Jeng, Luck-Allen & Cain 5. Ascospores ellipsoidal with longitudinal slits ................cceeeceeeeeee ees 6
6. Ascospores obliquely septate EU Re Oe eee tere EAU ORRE Penn rerrnian D. dochmiophragma Jeng, Luck-Allen & Cain 6. Ascospores transversely septate ............... D. confertaspora sp. nov.
122
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. D. Jose Maria Barrasa, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain, for prepublication review of the manuscript.
Literature
1. Luck-Allen, E.R. and Cain, R.F. 1975. Additions to the genus Delitschia. Can. J. Bot. 53: 1827-1887.
2. Jeng, R.S., Luck-Allen, E.R. and Cain, R.F. 1977. New species and new records of Delitschia from Venezuela. Can. J. Bot. 55: 383-392.
3. Furuya, K. and Udagawa, S. 1976 . Coprophilous pyrenomycetes from Japan IV. Trans. mycol. Soc. Japan17: 248-261.
4. Parkinson, D. and Williams, S.T. 1961. A method for isolating fungi from soil microhabitats. Plant and Soil13: 347-355.
5. Papavizas, G.C. and Davey, C.B. 1959. Evaluation of various media and antimicrobial agents for isolation of soil fungi. Soil Science 88: 112-117.
6. Ridgway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Publ. by the author. Washington, D.C. 43 p. + 53 pl.
7. Stevens, R. B. 1981. Mycology Guidebook. University of Washington Press. Seattle and London. 712 p.
MOY COWAXON
A NEW SPECIES OF MARAVALIA FROM INDIA G. BAGYANARAYANA AND E. JOHN RAVINDER Botany Department, P.G. College of Science
Saifabad, Hyderabad - 500 004 (A.P.) India
The genus Maravalia Arth. is characteristic in the
possession of subepidermal, erumpent Celia. with pedicillate, one celled, thin walled, non resting teliospores found successively on laterally free basidio- genous cells (Cummins & Hiratsuka, 1983). SO wet ares L species of Maravalia are reported (Ono, 1984) on members belonging to various angiospermic families nie a a Acanthaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Periplocaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapotaceae and Verbenaceae.
Recently, the authors came across a hitherto undescribed species of Maravalia on Tylophora sp. (Asclepiadaceae) and the same is reported here.
Maravalia ramacharii John Ravinder & Bagyanarayana_ sp. NOV.) VRaG 3 1)
Spermagoniis. et aeciis ignotis.
Urediniis hypophylliis, Ssparsis, raro aggregatis, sub-epidermalis, erumpentis, pulverulentis, pallide aurantiaco flavescentis, 0O.7 - 1 mm crassa; uredinio- SHorigs,..) Dedredllatic i Nise i 27 kl a be Un, OVaATLS.,
globosis vel ellipsoideis, membrana echinulata, hyalina, 2 um crassa, poris germinativis ignotiis.
Teliis hypophylliis, sparsis vel aggregatis 0.3- 0.6: crassa, subepidermalis, erumpentis, teliosporiis 31 - 45 x 9 - 12.4 um, oblongo ellipsoideis, membrana 1.5..um crassa; pedicillatis, pedicello hyalinis, usque ad 21 um) longis.
Molotyous: “i Inv foliis vivis \Tylophorae’sp.:,):Decw Lo, Narsapur (A.P.), India, John Ravinder, HCIO; Isotype PUR.
124
Etymology : In honour of late Prof. P..Ramachar, a reputed uredinologist of India.
Spermogonia and aecia not known. Uredinia hypo- phyllous, scattered, rarely aggregated, subepidermal, erumpent, ~pulverulent, . light orange yellow,;, 0.7 — 31 amma diam; urediniospores pedicillate, 18 - 27 x 12.4 - 18 um, ovate, globose to ellipsoid, orange yellow when fresh, wall echinulate, hyaline, 2 um thick, germ pores absent.
Telia hypophyllous, scattered or aggregated in small clusters; 0O.3$ — 0.6 > diam.; subepidermal, erumpent; telio-— spores (G1 0-45.19" — 12. 47um: s0blong = eliapsoid 7 convenes yellowish-orange’) when fresh, wall 1:5 um thick, hyaline, smooth; (pedicrl late, pedicel hyaline, upto. zi. um long,
As per Ono's (1984) recent monograph on Maravalia, host genera belonging to Asclepiadaceae are not infected by species of Maravalia. However, Cryptostegia and Pentopetia belonging to Periplocaceae, a closely related family to Asclepladaceae . are infected by Maravalia cryptostegiae (Cumm., ) Ono and Maravalia species. M. ramacharii does not bear any morphological resemblance to the Maravalia species reported on Periplocaceae.
The authors express their grateful thanks ‘to Prof: Joe F. Hennen, Director, Arthur Herbarium and Head, Dept. of "Botany ""S" Plants Pathology, Purdue™ University, =for reviewing the manuscript and for helpful suggestions.
Fig. 1 Maravalia ramacharii sp. nov. (A) T.S. through the sorus showing teliospores (B) A pedicillate teliospore (stained) withicotton blue) (C) Am echinulate uréediniospore.
125
REFERENCES
Commans, “G.B.s.& Hiratsuka, Y., 1983. Illustrated genera of
rust fungi. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, WrotswNc OnGra).. ULoSe., A monograph of Maravalia (Uredinales).
Mycologia. 761(5):i¢ 692-911,
1; Vook w - +)
MY COTAXON
Volume L, pp. 127-129 January-March 1994
A NEW SPECIES OF UROMYCES ON OCIMUM FROM INDIA
G. BAGYANARAYANA AND E. JOHN RAVINDER
Botany Department, P.G. College of Science Saifabad, Hyderabad - 500 004 (A.P.) INDIA
The family Labiatae (Lamiaceae) is known to have 3500 species distributed over 180 genera (Willis, 1982 Rev. by Airy Shaw). Nearly 55 of these genera consisting of 325 species are reported from India (Hooker, 1985; Gamble, 1957; Cooke, 1958). Of the so many genera Ocimum of the subfamily Ocimoideae is one of the most common genus SOCCUBINGw ain S-wilde sas) well. as cultivated” jconditions. Regent ly ,sauningy a study of the. rust: fungus flora’ vot Andhra Pradesh, the authors have coliected rust infected plants of Ocimum sp. from Mannanore forest, Mahabubnagar Dist; (A Pa) & India. A. “critical (microscopic study revealed an undescribed species of Uromyces and the same is described here.
Uromyces ramacharii John Ravinder & Bagyanarayana Speuneow. CPigns 2)
Spermagoniis et aeciis ignotis
Urediniis epiphylliis, subepidermalis, erumpentis,
pulverulentis, Ccinnamomeo' brunneis, 1-1.5 mm crassa; uredainiosporius pedicillatis,) 16-23. x) 1525 ——.- lé.6Gieum, globosis, .subglobosis, ovatis vel ellipsoideis, membrana 1.5 - 2 um crassa, pallide flavescentis vel hyalinis,
echinulatis, poris germinativis 2, equatorialibus.
Teliis amphigeniis, densus hypophylliis, atro-brunneis, Sparsis vel aggregatis, subepidermalis, erumpentis, pudverittentis:). 1 G32 min °crassa; “teliosporiis 21) —. 32) x ie26) = 21 ums “qlobsis,, subglobosis’ vel ovatis>: membrana lateralis 3.5-5.4 um crassa, raro apicalis, 6.3 um crassa, verrucosis; pedicillatis, pedicello 15.5 - 45 um longis, hyalinis.
128
Holotypus : In foliis vivis Ocimum sp. (Labiatae), Mannanore forest, Mahabubnagar Dist. (A.P.), India Dec. 1990, Jagadeeswar and John Ravinder. HCIO. Isotype PUR.
Etymology : In honour of my (G.B.) revered teacher late Prof. P. Ramachar, a reputed Uredionologist of India. Spermagonia and accia not present. Uredinia epiphyllous, subepidermal, erumpent, pulverulent, cinnamon brown,” =) 125° "mm ‘diam; urediniospores pedictilate: 16) — 23; x% ofS.5 = 11656 (um globose, “subgiopose. “ovate,
ellipsoid, wall 1.5 - 2 um thick, pale yellow to hyaline, echinulate, germpores 2, equatorial.
Telia amphigenous, densely hypophyllous, blackish brown,
scattered or aggregated, subepidermal, erumpent, pulverulent, 1:=2;mm diam, .teliospores'21°-+'32x18.6 - 21 um, globose, subglobose, ovate, wall 3.5 - 5.4 um thick laterally, . few spores, .are: thick apically, upto '6.3 um, chestnut brown, verrucose, pedicillate, pedicel 15.5 - 45
um long, hyaline.
The members of the family Labiatae are known to be parasitized by several rust fungi particularly the species belonging to the genus Puccinia (Sydow & Sydow, 1904; Arthur, 1934; Savulescu, 1953; Gaumann;*’ 1959; Wilson © Henderson 1966). However, only 4 species of Uromyces viz., U.prunellae Schneid., U.lamii Kom, U.ocimi Hansford and U.orthosiphoniis Ramakri. & Srinivasan are reported. Of this Savulescu (1953) has listed U.prunellae as a synonym of U.valerianae (Schum.) Fuckel, a species known to parasitize, Valeriana of the family Valerianaceae but not Labiatae. With regard to U.lamii, Sydow & Sydow (1910) treated this as an excluded species because the_ so called host Lamium amplexicaule was found to be a species of Euphorbia. U.ramacharii is comparable with U.ocimi and U.orthosiphonis' the two near species of Uromyces on Labiatae. U.ocimi differs from U.ramacharii in i ihaving only caulicolous telia, longer teliospores with a prominent apical thick- ness upto 9 um and a
Fig. 1 Uromyces ramacharii sp. nov. (A) Echinulate urediniospores (B) Pedicillate teliospores.
129
fairly long (160 um) persistent pedicels. U.ramacharii differs from U.orthospihonis in lacking peripheral hyphoid paraphyses in the uredinia, comparatively smaller uridiniospores, and in having narrow but longer teliospores.
The authors express their grateful thanks to Prof. Joe F. Hennen, Director, Arthur Herbarium and Head, Dept. of Botany and Plurnt Pathology, Purdue University, for his kind help in reviewing the manuscript.
REFERENCES
1 Arthur, | C.J.) 1934. (Manuals of ithe irustsin “United States and Canada. Purdue Research Foundation, Lafayette, Indiana.
AE Cooke, T. 1958. The flora of the Presidency of Bombay Vor. if, Botanical Survey :of India, ;Calcutta.
SN Gamble, J.S. 1957. Flora of the Presidency of Madras Vor. Ii.. Botanical Survey ‘of India, Calcutta.
ay Gaumann, Es 1959. Die Rostpilze Mitteleuropas. Buchdruckeres Buchter’ 6’ Co”. Bern,
Ss Hooker, J.D. 1875. The flora of British India, Reeve & Com bOndon
6. Savulescu, °'T., 1953.0 Monografia. \Uredinalelor , 11. Editura Academei Rupublicii Populare Romane.
Ais Sydow, P. & Sydow, H. 1910. Monographia Uredinearum. VoL. I1,: bipsiae,, Fratres Borntraeger.
SB. Wario seer on ROW eg DV AEP V : MohaWay al 6 Kost) bow dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns. Indian
reprint by International Distributors, Dehradun.
oc Wilson, M. & Henderson, D.M. 1966. British Rust Fungi University Press, Cambridge.
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,] Pi ‘ rn i a 1a ' 4 he j ; 4b j ‘ ¥ ae ii aka + % 1s ¥ { , F ¥ 4 ‘, I 4 4 j : \ > ' aah P 4 Z a \ . i 7 ‘ A ihe 7 ye rie, : 7, ~~ 1 J f y ‘i i ie nl J ‘A 1 A Mn ti j vies . it ae A om ba ye We ‘ : i + ny i a i 1 P
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waa a bf ‘peed OD ay Dah Mee aby ea POR bets SP ie i
MY COTAXON
Volume L, pp. 131-138 January-March 1994
AMANITA WESTII—TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION. A RARE SPECIES FROM STATES BORDERING
THE GULF OF MEXICO Rodham E. Tulloss David P. Lewis P. O. Box 57 455 Virginia Lane Roosevelt, New Jersey 08555-0057 Vidor, Texas 77662 Summary
Amanita westii was described from Florida oak woods. Collections from Mississippi and eastern Texas extend its known range and allow for an improved description.
During his years in Florida, William A. Murrill was a prolific collector of fungi and described over 650 species of agarics and boletes as new. A number of these taxa have not been reported since he described them 40 or more years ago. One such species, the strikingly beautiful Amanita westii, was described by Murrill (1944) from a collection made by Murrill’s associate Erdman West in Alachua County in 1938. The vegetation of the Gainesville, Florida area, where Murrill resided, is similar to that of the Gulf Coast region, and it may be surmised that the mycota would also be similar. It is from the Gulf Coast region that we report new collections of A. westii.
This unusual, large Amanita was rediscovered by Lewis during a 1987 collecting trip in eastern Texas. During the 1991 Gulf States Mycological Society summer foray, Ms. Toby Feibelman made a collection of A. westii in southern Mississippi. The latter collection included both mature specimens and ‘‘buttons.’’ Lewis studied both of these collections when fresh and photographed them. The holotype of A. westii has been studied previously by Bas (1969) and Jenkins (1979).
Methods and terminology follow those of Tulloss et al. (1992) and Tulloss (1993). We cite specimens deposited in the following herbaria:
F - Herbarium, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. FLAS - Herbarium, University of Florida, Gainesville, U.S.A.
L - Rijksherbarium, Leiden, the Netherlands.
RET - personal herbarium of R. E. Tulloss.
Color codes of the form ‘‘7.5YR 8/6’’ are from (Munsell Color, 1975). Color names in italics with first letters capitalized (e.g., Hair Brown) are from (Ridgway, 1912).
132
D.C. Tulloss del.
Fig. 1. Amanita westii (Lewis 4074) habit (x0.7).
133 AMANITA WESTI/ (Murr.) Murr. 1944 [1945]. Proc. Florida Acad. Sci. 7: 127.
=Venenarius westii Murr. 1944 [1945]. Proc. Florida Acad. Sci. 7: 115. Illus.: Bas. 1969. Persoonia 5: 485, Figs. 244-246 [exsiccatum from holotype, universal veil elements, spores].
Amanita westii (Figs. 1-2) has a pileus densely set with pyramidal warts that are brown on the surface and white in the interior (at least in young material). The basidiocarp is prone to reddish bruising and staining similar to that exhibited by A. rubescens Pers. and has a slight odor of anise. The stipe has a radicating bulb. Dried specimens take on a deep wine-red color somewhat like that of exsiccata of Lepiota americana Peck.
PILEUS: 70 - 135+ mm wide (largest pileus measured not fully expanded), convex to plano-convex, eventually planar, subviscid to dry, pale reddish brown (Murmill) to pale chocolate brown (Murrill), cracks between scales 10R 9/1 (near Pallid Vinaceous Drab), 10R 6/2 under warts, drying a dark wine color reminiscent of dried basidiocarps of Lepiota americana; context up to 20 mm thick at the stipe, white quickly bruising reddish brown or 7.5R 4/4 (near Prussian Red) changing to 10R 2/2 (near Light Seal Brown), eventually blackish, the color of cocoa powder in exsiccata; margin nonstriate, appendiculate with material hanging down 3 - 4 mm; universal veil as large warts, pyramidal to somewhat flattened (in the latter case often with a small central pimple), 2 - 4 mm high, with irregularly polygonal bases 3 - 5 x 8 - 10 mm, largest near pileus margin, densest over disk, 10R 2/2 (near Light Seal Brown), detersile.
LAMELLAE: adnexed by a line to stipe apex at first, then seceding, sometimes remote at maturity, rather crowded to close to subdistant, white at first, then gray white, finally reddish brown or 10R 6/2, drying reddish brown to dark brown, 11+ mm broad, with edge thick and flocculose to fimbriate to almost crenate; lamellulae short, in one or two tiers, with the shortest subtruncate to somewhat rounded subattenuate, with the longest not distinguishable in exsiccata (notes from fresh material lacking).
STIPE: 70 - 155 x 15 - 35 mm, more or less cylindric or constricted at about the mid-point, covered at first with floccose-fibrillose material which adheres to the fin- gers, densely floccose to floccose-subfelted in apical region below partial veil, becom- ing undecorated, dry, originally whitish (sometimes becoming grayish) near apex, otherwise reddish brown or a very dark brown or pale reddish brown or 10R 6/2, con- colorous with pileus in exsiccata; context white, with color changes on cutting or bruis- ing as in pileus, solid; bulb obovoid-napiform to napiform to turbinate to broadly fusiform, radicating, occasionally abrupt to subabrupt, up to 40 - 45* x 30 - 50 mm, becoming colored like other parts; partial veil apical, subfelted to felted- submembranous, fragile, detersile or adhering to edges of lamellae, white at first, then pale reddish brown or 10R 6/2, striate above, underside densely flocculose; universal veil as fibrillose material (occasionally vague warts or felted patches) at stipe base and on upper half of bulb in “‘button’’ stage, detersile, colored as on pileus.
Odor faintly of anise (Murrill). Taste sweet and nutty at first, becoming slightly astringent (Murrill).
134
D.C. Tulloss del.
Fig. 2. Amanita westii (Feibelman 1165) habit, ““button’’ specimens (x1.0).
135 MACROCHEMICAL TESTS: none recorded.
PILEIPELLIS: In mature material: 50 - 65 um thick, orange-brown in 3% KOH, with surface extensively gelatinized and depigmented; filamentous, undifferentiated hy- phae 1.0 - 9.8 uum wide, subradially oriented, tightly interwoven, branching; vascular hyphae 5.0 - 17.5 um wide, branching, most easily seen in scalp. In ‘‘button’’: 45 - 60 um thick, ungelatinized, orange-brown to yellow-brown in 3% KOH. PILEUS CON- TEXT: cell walls hyaline to yellow-brown to orange-brown in 3% KOH, with those having thickest walls among (but not exclusively) the most strongly pigmented; fila- mentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.2 - 9.2 um wide, branching, often in fascicles, with some intercalary segments inflated up to 15.0 um wide (cylindric), with walls thin or up to 0.8 tum thick, with septa often constricted; acrophysalides dominating, narrowly fusi- form to clavate to broadly clavate to ovoid to ellipsoid, up to 124 x 68 um, with walls thin or up to 0.8 Um thick; vascular hyphae not observed; clamps not observed. LAMELLA TRAMA: bilateral, with shallow to very shallow angle